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      Incidence and Predictors of Adolescent’s Early Sexual Debut after Three Decades of HIV Interventions in Tanzania: A Time to Debut Analysis

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2 , 1
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To determine the incidence and predictors of adolescent’s early sexual debut after three decades of HIV interventions in Tanzania.

          Methods

          In a cross-section study of adolescents aged 16–19 residing in Morogoro Municipality, information on socio-demographic, parental-and-peer communication, and sexual behaviors were collected. Cox-regression analysis was used to examine predictors of time to sexual debut.

          Results

          A total of 316 adolescents with mean age of 17.5±0.9 were recruited. Half (48.7%) of adolescent were sexually active with mean age at sexual debut of 14.6±2.3. Of these, 57.8% had sex before their 15 th birthday with incidence of early sexual debut of 17.4/1000 person-years at risk. Adolescent family characteristics, peer pressure, alcohol use, parental and peer communication were key predictors of early sexual debut.

          Conclusion

          Parental and peer communication strategies works calling for efforts to increase its scope to reach all adolescents alongside promoting family stability and reducing adolescent alcohol consumption.

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          Most cited references12

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          Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health.

          M D Resnick, P. S. Bearman, R W Blum … (1997)
          The main threats to adolescents' health are the risk behaviors they choose. How their social context shapes their behaviors is poorly understood. To identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to 4 domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use, and sexuality. Cross-sectional analysis of interview data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 12118 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 drawn from an initial national school survey of 90118 adolescents from 80 high schools plus their feeder middle schools. The interview was completed in the subject's home. Eight areas were assessed: emotional distress; suicidal thoughts and behaviors; violence; use of 3 substances (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana); and 2 types of sexual behaviors (age of sexual debut and pregnancy history). Independent variables included measures of family context, school context, and individual characteristics. Parent-family connectedness and perceived school connectedness were protective against every health risk behavior measure except history of pregnancy. Conversely, ease of access to guns at home was associated with suicidality (grades 9-12: P<.001) and violence (grades 7-8: P<.001; grades 9-12: P<.001). Access to substances in the home was associated with use of cigarettes (P<.001), alcohol (P<.001), and marijuana (P<.001) among all students. Working 20 or more hours a week was associated with emotional distress of high school students (P<.01), cigarette use (P<.001), alcohol use (P<.001), and marijuana use (P<.001). Appearing "older than most" in class was associated with emotional distress and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among high school students (P<.001); it was also associated with substance use and an earlier age of sexual debut among both junior and senior high students. Repeating a grade in school was associated with emotional distress among students in junior high (P<.001) and high school (P<.01) and with tobacco use among junior high students (P<.001). On the other hand, parental expectations regarding school achievement were associated with lower levels of health risk behaviors; parental disapproval of early sexual debut was associated with a later age of onset of intercourse (P<.001). Family and school contexts as well as individual characteristics are associated with health and risky behaviors in adolescents. The results should assist health and social service providers, educators, and others in taking the first steps to diminish risk factors and enhance protective factors for our young people.
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            HIV prevention in young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

            Kevin D. Ross, M. Napierala, Maria Doyle (2011)
            To systematically review and update evidence on the effectiveness of youth HIV/AIDS prevention interventions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and to make evidence-based policy recommendations to guide efforts toward meeting the United Nations General Assembly Special Session HIV/AIDS goals. Recent evidence (January 2005-December 2008) on the effectiveness of interventions to improve reported sexual behavior and biological outcomes among youth in SSA was assessed using the Steady, Ready, Go! (SRG) approach and synthesized with an earlier SRG review (January 1990-June 2005). A total of 23 studies were included following screening of approximately 1,200 citations. School-based, adult-led, curriculum-based interventions showed clear evidence of reducing reported risky sexual behavior. Interventions in health facilities increased the use of services when made accessible and more youth-friendly. In geographically defined communities, both interventions specifically targeting youth and community-wide interventions reduced reports of risky sexual behavior. HIV prevention among youth is a top priority in SSA. The most promising interventions should be scaled-up now, with careful evaluation, while exploring supplementary interventions to impact HIV incidence. Copyright © 2011 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Alcohol as a correlate of unprotected sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS: review and meta-analysis.

              Jürgen Rehm, Paul Shuper, Hyacinth Irving … (2009)
              The present investigation attempted to quantify the relationship between alcohol consumption and unprotected sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). A comprehensive search of the literature was performed to identify key studies on alcohol and sexual risk behavior among PLWHA, and three separate meta-analyses were conducted to examine associations between unprotected sex and (1) any alcohol consumption, (2) problematic drinking, and (3) alcohol use in sexual contexts. Based on 27 relevant studies, meta-analyses demonstrated that any alcohol consumption (OR = 1.63, CI = 1.39-1.91), problematic drinking (OR = 1.69, CI = 1.45-1.97), and alcohol use in sexual contexts (OR = 1.98, CI = 1.63-2.39) were all found to be significantly associated with unprotected sex among PLWHA. Taken together, these results suggest that there is a significant link between PLWHA's use of alcohol and their engagement in high-risk sexual behavior. These findings have implications for the development of interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk behavior in this population.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2012
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e41700
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
                [2 ]Pact-Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
                Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: EJM FL GHL. Performed the experiments: EJM FL. Analyzed the data: EJM FL GHL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EJM FL GHL. Wrote the paper: EJM FL GHL.

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-12-10611
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041700
                PMC ID: 3407234
                PubMed ID: 22848571
                SO-VID: 0a2589b8-7688-48c8-89fb-dd2c553c9cb9
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 15 April 2012
                Date accepted : 25 June 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                The authors have no support or funding to report.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Epidemiological Methods
                Subject: Infectious Disease Epidemiology
                Subject: Social Epidemiology
                Subject: Global Health
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: HIV epidemiology
                Subject: HIV prevention
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
                Subject: Non-Clinical Medicine
                Subject: Health Care Policy
                Subject: Child and Adolescent Health Policy
                Subject: Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Subject: Genitourinary Infections
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Public Health
                Subject: Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health
                Subject: Urology
                Subject: Genitourinary Infections
                Subject: HIV

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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