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      Development and initial psychometric properties of a panic buying scale during COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Fear is a powerful driver of human behavior, even more during times of crisis. Panic buying occurs when fear and panic influence behavior leading people to buy more things than usual. So far, no specific scale on this has been found in the major databases, thus the aim of this exploratory study is to develop a Panic Buying Scale (PBS) during COVID-19 pandemic. 393 Brazilians took part in this study (251 women and 142 men), answering a sociodemographic questionnaire and instruments of these variables: (1)panic buying, (2)impulse buying, (3)temporal focus, (4)optimism, (5)risk perception, (6)need for cognition. Data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire which was shared through social media networks, from April 10th to May 4th, 2020. Factorial exploratory and confirmatory analysis indicated that PBS has a unidimensional solution and showed satisfactory reliability indexes. Results revealed that men buy more by panic than women. PBS also was positively correlated with impulse buying, past and future temporal focus, and risk perception; as well as negatively correlated with optimism and age. Findings suggest that PBS is psychometrically acceptable in the Brazilian context. This new instrument can be useful to understand the psychosocial phenomena associated with consumer behavior. Future investigations could provide more evidences of validity in other contexts.

          Abstract

          Psychology; Fear; Panic buying; Psychometric properties; Consumer behavior; COVID-19; Consumption; Validity; Reliability.

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          The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation

          Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani … (2020)
          Background The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases. Methods The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties. Results After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (α = .82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = .72) were acceptable. Concurrent validity was supported by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (with depression, r = 0.425 and anxiety, r = 0.511) and the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (with perceived infectability, r = 0.483 and germ aversion, r = 0.459). Conclusion The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.
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            Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.

            Michael F Scheier, Charles S. Carver, Michael W. Bridges (1994)
            Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
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              The efficient assessment of need for cognition.

              J. Cacioppo, R Petty, C Kao (1984)
              A short form for assessing individual differences in need for cognition is described.
              Article 0 comments Cited 579 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 2 September 2020
                Publication date (Print): September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 September 2020
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 9
                Page: e04746
                Affiliations
                [a ]University of Porto, Portugal
                [b ]Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-8440(20)31589-9 Publisher ID: e04746
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04746
                PMC ID: 7467094
                PubMed ID: 32895636
                SO-VID: 0a57de2e-1044-48ea-8881-c898d3e4e775
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2020
                Date revision received : 24 July 2020
                Date accepted : 13 August 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: psychology,fear,panic buying,psychometric properties,consumer behavior,covid-19,consumption,validity,reliability
                Data availability:
                Keywords: psychology, fear, panic buying, psychometric properties, consumer behavior, covid-19, consumption, validity, reliability

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