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      Incorporation and profile of fatty acids in tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with tung oil Translated title: Incorporação e perfil de ácidos graxos em filés de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentada com óleo de tungue

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          Abstract

          The acceptance of tung oil enriched diet and the incorporation of conjugated linolenic acid - CLnA into fillets of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) were investigated. The diet was well accepted, and after 10 days CLnA was incorporated into the fillets with a 1.02% content of total fatty acids (FA). In addition, biosynthesis of the conjugated linoleic acid isomers - CLA (0.31% of fillet total FA content) from CLnA, and the presence of alpha-linolenic acid - LNA (1.08% of fillet total FA content), eicosapentaenoic acid - EPA (2.85% of fillet total FA content) and docosahexaenoic acid - DHA (3.08% of fillet total FA content) were observed. Therefore, the consumption of this fish can increase the intake of different FA (CLnA, CLA, LNA, EPA and DHA), which play an important role in human metabolism.

          Translated abstract

          A aceitação de tratamentos enriquecidos com óleo de tungue e a incorporação do ácido linolênico conjugado (CLnA) em filés de tilápia melhorada geneticamente (GIFT) foram investigadas. A dieta teve boa aceitação e, após 10 dias, o ClnA havia sido incorporado nos filés, mostrando um teor de 1,02% dos ácidos graxos totais (AG). Além disso, a biossíntese dos isômeros do ácido linoleico conjugado - CLA (0,31% de teor de AG total no filé), a partir do CLnA, e a presença do ácido alfalinolênico - LNA (1,08% de teor de AG total no filé), ácido eicosapentaenoico - EPA (2,85 % de teor de AG total no filé) e ácido docosa-hexaenoico - DHA (3,08% de teor de AG total no filé) foram observados. Assim, o consumo deste peixe pode aumentar a ingestão de diferentes AG (CLnA, CLA, LNA, EPA e DHA), que desempenham um papel importante no metabolismo humano.

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          Nutrient requirement of fish

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            Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.

            Fresh organically grown pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) of the Wonderful cultivar were processed into three components: fermented juice, aqueous pericarp extract and cold-pressed or supercritical CO2-extracted seed oil. Exposure to additional solvents yielded polyphenol-rich fractions ('polyphenols') from each of the three components. Their actions, and of the crude whole oil and crude fermented and unfermented juice concentrate, were assessed in vitro for possible chemopreventive or adjuvant therapeutic potential in human breast cancer. The ability to effect a blockade of endogenous active estrogen biosynthesis was shown by polyphenols from fermented juice, pericarp, and oil, which inhibited aromatase activity by 60-80%. Fermented juice and pericarp polyphenols, and whole seed oil, inhibited 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 from 34 to 79%, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1,000 microg/ml according to seed oil > fermented juice polyphenols > pericarp polyphenols. In a yeast estrogen screen (YES) lyophilized fresh pomegranate juice effected a 55% inhibition of the estrogenic activity of 17-beta-estradiol; whereas the lyophilized juice by itself displayed only minimal estrogenic action. Inhibition of cell lines by fermented juice and pericarp polyphenols was according to estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) > estrogen-independent (MB-MDA-231) > normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). In both MCF-7 and MB-MDA-231 cells, fermented pomegranate juice polyphenols consistently showed about twice the anti-proliferative effect as fresh pomegranate juice polyphenols. Pomegranate seed oil effected 90% inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 at 100 microg/ml medium, 75% inhibition of invasion of MCF-7 across a Matrigel membrane at 10 microg/ml, and 54% apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 estrogen receptor negative metastatic human breast cancer cells at 50 microg/ml. In a murine mammary gland organ culture, fermented juice polyphenols effected 47% inhibition of cancerous lesion formation induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The findings suggest that clinical trials to further assess chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic applications of pomegranate in human breast cancer may be warranted.
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              Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: importância e ocorrência em alimentos

              Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados abrangem as famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6. Os ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa, como os ácidos araquidônico e docosaexaenóico, desempenham importantes funções no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro e da retina. Esse grupo de ácidos graxos não pode ser obtido pela síntese de novo, mas pode ser sintetizado a partir dos ácidos linoléico e alfa-linolênico presentes na dieta. Neste artigo são considerados os principais fatores que podem inibir a atividade das enzimas dessaturases envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. São apresentadas as recomendações da razão ômega-6/ômega-3 na dieta, propostas em diversos países, sendo verificada a convergência para o intervalo de 4 a 5:1. São relacionados alimentos que podem contribuir para aumentar a ingestão do ácido alfa-linolênico e dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. A essencialidade dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa é muito dependente do metabolismo do indivíduo, sendo que a razão n-6/n-3 da dieta exerce grande influência nesse sentido.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cta
                Food Science and Technology (Campinas)
                Food Sci. Technol (Campinas)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (Campinas )
                1678-457X
                February 2013
                : 33
                : suppl 1
                : 47-51
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brazil
                Article
                S0101-20612013000500008
                10.1590/S0101-20612013000500008
                0a872737-301c-4fd3-956c-fe72099b5772

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-2061&lng=en
                Categories
                FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

                Food science & Technology
                conjugated linolenic acid,tilapia fillet,genetically improved farmed tilapia,ácido linoleico conjugado,filé de tilápia,filés de tilápia melhorada geneticamente

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