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      Learning non-adjacent rules and non-adjacent dependencies from human actions in 9-month-old infants

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          Abstract

          Seven month old infants can learn simple repetition patterns, such as we-fo-we, and generalize the rules to sequences of new syllables, such as ga-ti-ga. However, repetition rule learning in visual sequences seems more challenging, leading some researchers to claim that this type of rule learning applies preferentially to communicative stimuli. Here we demonstrate that 9-month-old infants can learn repetition rules in sequences of non-communicative dynamic human actions. We also show that when primed with these non-adjacent repetition patterns, infants can learn non-adjacent dependencies that involve memorizing the dependencies between specific human actions—patterns that prior research has shown to be difficult for infants in the visual domain and in speech. We discuss several possible mechanisms that account for the apparent advantage stimuli involving human action sequences has over other kinds of stimuli in supporting non-adjacent dependency learning. We also discuss possible implications for theories of language acquisition.

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              Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults.

              Previous research suggests that language learners can detect and use the statistical properties of syllable sequences to discover words in continuous speech (e.g. Aslin, R.N., Saffran, J.R., Newport, E.L., 1998. Computation of conditional probability statistics by 8-month-old infants. Psychological Science 9, 321-324; Saffran, J.R., Aslin, R.N., Newport, E.L., 1996. Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science 274, 1926-1928; Saffran, J., R., Newport, E.L., Aslin, R.N., (1996). Word segmentation: the role of distributional cues. Journal of Memory and Language 35, 606-621; Saffran, J.R., Newport, E.L., Aslin, R.N., Tunick, R.A., Barrueco, S., 1997. Incidental language learning: Listening (and learning) out of the corner of your ear. Psychological Science 8, 101-195). In the present research, we asked whether this statistical learning ability is uniquely tied to linguistic materials. Subjects were exposed to continuous non-linguistic auditory sequences whose elements were organized into 'tone words'. As in our previous studies, statistical information was the only word boundary cue available to learners. Both adults and 8-month-old infants succeeded at segmenting the tone stream, with performance indistinguishable from that obtained with syllable streams. These results suggest that a learning mechanism previously shown to be involved in word segmentation can also be used to segment sequences of non-linguistic stimuli.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2021
                9 June 2021
                : 16
                : 6
                : e0252959
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
                Max-Planck-Institut fur Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-1226
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5437-7482
                Article
                PONE-D-20-40004
                10.1371/journal.pone.0252959
                8189460
                34106999
                0aee9184-1a51-4041-b01f-cba05c3f79ec
                © 2021 Lu, Mintz

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 December 2020
                : 25 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Southern California (USC) Graduate School
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: University of Southern California Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported in part by a University of Southern California (USC) Graduate School Summer Research and Writing Grant to Helen Shiyang Lu, and research funds from the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences to Toben Mintz. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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                The data underlying the results presented in the study and the R analysis script are openly available on the following Open Science Framework project page: https://osf.io/xrz2d/.

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