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      Influence of the Layer Directions on the Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Parts Fabricated through Fused Deposition of Metals

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          Abstract

          Metal specimens were fabricated via the fused deposition of metals (FDMet) technique with a filament composed of the 316L stainless steel particles and an organic binder. This process was adopted due to its potential as a low-cost additive manufacturing process. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the processing conditions—layer directions and layer thicknesses—on the mechanical and shrinkage properties of the metal components. The specimens were printed in three different layer directions. The highest ultimate strength of 453 MPa and strain at break of 48% were obtained in the specimen printed with the layer direction perpendicular to the tensile direction. On the other hand, the specimen printed in the layer direction parallel to the tensile direction exhibited poor mechanical properties. The reason for the anisotropy of the properties was investigated through systematic SEM observations. The observations revealed the presence of segregated binder domains in the filaments. It was deduced that the binder domain was oriented in the direction perpendicular to that of the layer and remained as oriented voids even after sintering. The voids oriented perpendicular to the tensile direction act as defects that could cause stress concentration, thus resulting in poor mechanical properties.

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          Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

          Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting. The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. Aspects of polymer design, additives, and processing parameters as they relate to enhancing build speed and improving accuracy, functionality, surface finish, stability, mechanical properties, and porosity are addressed. Selected applications demonstrate how polymer-based AM is being exploited in lightweight engineering, architecture, food processing, optics, energy technology, dentistry, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. Unparalleled by metals and ceramics, polymer-based AM plays a key role in the emerging AM of advanced multifunctional and multimaterial systems including living biological systems as well as life-like synthetic systems.
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            Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review

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              A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                29 May 2020
                June 2020
                : 13
                : 11
                : 2493
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; takashi.kurose@ 123456yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp
                [2 ]Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; tcs89036@ 123456st.yamagata-u.ac.jp (Y.A.); vergne_marcelo@ 123456taisei-kogyo-net.co.jp (M.V.A.S.); akira.ishigami@ 123456yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp (A.I.)
                [3 ]Taisei Kogyo Co. Ltd., 26-1 Ikeda-Kitamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-0073, Japan; yota_kanaya@ 123456taisei-kogyo-net.co.jp (Y.K.); shigeo_tanaka@ 123456taisei-kogyo-net.co.jp (S.T.)
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-9985
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-7012
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4141
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-8457
                Article
                materials-13-02493
                10.3390/ma13112493
                7321246
                32486111
                0af33d81-b04c-4110-9af4-05fe37d99d13
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 08 May 2020
                : 27 May 2020
                Categories
                Article

                fused deposition of metals,316l stainless steel,layer directions

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