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      Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and microbial populations in drinking water distribution systems Translated title: Micobatteri non tubercolari e popolazioni microbiche in reti idriche di distribuzione

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          Abstract

          Data on the occurrence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), in parallel with those obtained for bacterial indicators and amoebae, are presented with the aim to collect information on the spread of NTM in drinking water distribution systems in Italy. Samples were collected from taps of hospitals and households in Central and Southern Italy. The concentration values obtained for the more traditional microbial parameters complied with the mandatory requirements for drinking water. Conversely, moderate-to-high microbial loads (till 300 CFU/L) were observed for the NTM. Positive samples were obtained from 62% of the investigated water samples. Analogous results were observed for amoebae showing a higher percentage of positive samples (76%). In terms of public health, the presence of mycobacteria in water distribution systems may represent a potential risk especially for vulnerable people such as children, the elderly or immunocompromised individuals.

          Translated abstract

          Per la prima volta in Italia, acqua potabile distribuita in rete è stata analizzata per verificare l'eventuale presenza di micobatteri non tubercolari (NTM). I microrganismi sono stati ricercati in acque di rubinetto prelevate da ospedali e da abitazioni del Centro e del Sud Italia; parallelamente, oltre ai tradizionali indicatori microbici di contaminazione e di qualità dell'acqua, i campioni sono stati esaminati per la presenza di amebe. Con specifico riferimento agli indicatori, quali parametri di monitoraggio delle acque, le analisi hanno evidenziato la rispondenza ai requisiti di qualità stabiliti per le acque potabili. Diversamente, per i micobatteri sono state rilevate densità variabili, anche piuttosto elevate (fino a 300 UFC/L), con una percentuale di positività del 62% nei campioni di acqua esaminati; valori di positività più elevati (76%) sono risultati per le amebe. In termini di salute pubblica, la presenza di NTM nelle reti di distribuzione idrica può costituire una condizione di rischio, soprattutto per le fasce di popolazione più suscettibili (immunodepressi, bambini e anziani).

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          Most cited references19

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          Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.

          A method for the rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level was developed on the basis of evaluation by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the gene encoding for the 65-kDa protein. The method involves restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products obtained with primers common to all mycobacteria. Using two restriction enzymes, BstEII and HaeIII, medically relevant and other frequent laboratory isolates were differentiated to the species or subspecies level by PCR-restriction enzyme pattern analysis. PCR-restriction enzyme pattern analysis was performed on isolates (n = 330) from solid and fluid culture media, including BACTEC, or from frozen and lyophilized stocks. The procedure does not involve hybridization steps or the use of radioactivity and can be completed within 1 working day.
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            Chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium.

            Environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium avium were resistant to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. For chlorine, the product of the disinfectant concentration (in parts per million) and the time (in minutes) to 99.9% inactivation for five M. avium strains ranged from 51 to 204. Chlorine susceptibility of cells was the same in washed cultures containing aggregates and in reduced aggregate fractions lacking aggregates. Cells of the more slowly growing strains were more resistant to chlorine than were cells of the more rapidly growing strains. Water-grown cells were 10-fold more resistant than medium-grown cells. Disinfectant resistance may be one factor promoting the persistence of M. avium in drinking water.
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              Relationship between mycobacteria and amoebae: ecological and epidemiological concerns.

              Since the discovery that Legionella pneumophila can survive and grow within free-living amoebae, there has been an increasing number of microbial species shown to have similar relationships. These include many bacterial species, fungi, other protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium) and viruses. Among bacteria, mycobacteria are of particular importance because of their role in human and animal infections. This review will consider the progress made in understanding the relationships between mycobacteria and amoebae, and their consequences in terms of ecology and epidemiology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aiss
                Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
                Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità
                Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Roma )
                0021-2571
                2010
                : 46
                : 3
                : 254-258
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità Italy
                Article
                S0021-25712010000300005
                0aff2f6c-10b2-4516-b97f-55fcb05afaf3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-2571&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Care Sciences & Services

                Health & Social care
                amoebae,drinking water,atypical mycobacteria,water supply,acque potabili,amebe,micobatteri atipici,reti idriche

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