Net zero energy buildings: A consistent definition framework

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Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: A review article

I Sartori, A.G. Hestnes (2007)

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Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies

A.J. Marszal, P. Heiselberg, J.S. Bourrelle … (2011)

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FROM LOW-ENERGY TO NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES

Karsten Voss, Eike Musall, Markus Lichtmeß (2011)

“Net Zero-Energy Building” has become a popular catchphrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilisation to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid overcomes the limitations of energy-autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on-site. Although the expression, “Net Zero-Energy Building,” appears in many energy policy documents, a harmonised definition or a standardised balancing method is still lacking. This paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach. After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany, a harmonised terminology and balancing procedure is proposed. The procedure takes not only the energy balance but also energy efficiency and load matching into account.