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      Early evidence (late 2 nd millennium BCE) of plant-based dyeing of textiles from Timna, Israel

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          Abstract

          In this article, we focus on the analysis of dyed textile fragments uncovered at an early Iron Age (11 th-10 th centuries BCE) copper smelting site during new excavations in the Timna Valley conducted by the Central Timna Valley (CTV) Project, as well as those found by the Arabah Expedition at the Hathor Temple (Site 200), dated to the Late Bronze/early Iron Ages (13 th-11 th centuries BCE). Analysis by HPLC-DAD identified two organic dyestuffs, Rubia tinctorum L. and indigotin, from a plant source (probably Isatis tinctoria L.). They are among the earliest plants known in the dyeing craft and cultivated primarily for this purpose. This study provides the earliest evidence of textiles dyed utilizing a chemical dyeing process based on an industrial dyeing plant from the Levant. Moreover, our results shed new light on the society operating the copper mines at the time, suggesting the existence of an elite that was interested in these high quality textiles and invested efforts in procuring them by long-distance trade.

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          Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds

          The genesis of the purple dye from shellfish, its composition, origin, intermediates, analysis and synthesis of the components, 6,6’-dibromoindigo, 6-bromoindigo and 6,6’-dibromoindirubin are reviewed
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            Development of mild extraction methods for the analysis of natural dyes in textiles of historical interest using LC-diode array detector-MS.

            Analysis of dyes extracted from textiles of historical interest can give valuable information as to where, when, and how the textiles were made. The most widely used method for extraction of colorants involves heating with HCl, which frequently decomposes glycosidic dye components to their parent aglycons, with consequent loss of information about the source of the dye. This is particularly true for flavonoid dyes, many of which are glycosides. We have developed or improved upon two mild textile extraction methods that use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and formic acid and are efficient in extracting dyes, but preserve glycosidic linkages. The relative efficiencies of the HCl, EDTA, and formic acid extraction methods are compared by analyzing extracts of dyed samples of silk using HPLC coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. HPLC profiles of EDTA or formic acid extracts of silk dyed, for example, with pagoda tree buds and onionskins are clearly distinguishable as to the plant material used, whereas profiles of HCl extracts are not. Thus, extraction of textiles with EDTA or formic acid reagents can yield significantly more information about the original dyestuff than can extraction with a strong acid.
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              Archaeological Textiles: A Review of Current Research

              Irene Good (2001)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 June 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 6
                : e0179014
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Treasures Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
                [2 ]The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
                [3 ]The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
                [4 ]Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
                Seoul National University College of Medicine, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                • Data curation: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                • Formal analysis: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                • Funding acquisition: EBY DI.

                • Investigation: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                • Methodology: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                • Project administration: EBY NS OS DI.

                • Resources: EBY NS ZA VW OS AV.

                • Visualization: NS EBY.

                • Writing – original draft: NS EBY.

                • Writing – review & editing: NS EBY DI ZA AV VW OS.

                [¤]

                Current address: National Treasures Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, Beth Shemesh Storage and Research Facility, Beth Shemesh Industrial Zone West, Israel.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-35831
                10.1371/journal.pone.0179014
                5489155
                28658314
                0b277bf5-ee3c-42c1-8843-f42e6ede5de6
                © 2017 Sukenik et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 6 September 2016
                : 23 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 5, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: MARIE CURIE CAREER INTEGRATION GRANTS (CIG)
                Award ID: #334274
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Yad Hanadiv – The Rothschild Foundation
                Award ID: #5171
                Award Recipient :
                This study was partially supported by the Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG grant #334274 to E.B.Y. The field work related to the current research was provided by the Yad Hanadiv – The Rothschild Foundation, through the Yizhar Hirschfeld Memorial Fellowships in Archaeology Grant #5171 to E.B.Y. There was no additional external (or internal) funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Animal Products
                Wool
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials by Attribute
                Pigments
                Dyes
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chromatographic Techniques
                Liquid Chromatography
                High Performance Liquid Chromatography
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Engineering and Technology
                Structural Engineering
                Built Structures
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Characterization
                Isotope Analysis
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Excavation
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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