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      Herpes simplex virus infects most cell types in vitro: clues to its success

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Virology Journal
      Publisher: BioMed Central
      Keywords: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 and type-2, HSV entry, Receptors

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          Abstract

          Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 and type-2 have evolved numerous strategies to infect a wide range of hosts and cell types. The result is a very successful prevalence of the virus in the human population infecting 40-80% of people worldwide. HSV entry into host cell is a multistep process that involves the interaction of the viral glycoproteins with various cell surface receptors. Based on the cell type, HSV enter into host cell using different modes of entry. The combination of various receptors and entry modes has resulted in a virus that is capable of infecting virtually all cell types. Identifying the common rate limiting steps of the infection may help the development of antiviral agents that are capable of preventing the virus entry into host cell. In this review we describe the major features of HSV entry that have contributed to the wide susceptibility of cells to HSV infection.

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          Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration.

          Miguel Vicente-Manzanares, Xuefei Ma, Robert S Adelstein … (2009)
          Non-muscle myosin II (NM II) is an actin-binding protein that has actin cross-linking and contractile properties and is regulated by the phosphorylation of its light and heavy chains. The three mammalian NM II isoforms have both overlapping and unique properties. Owing to its position downstream of convergent signalling pathways, NM II is central in the control of cell adhesion, cell migration and tissue architecture. Recent insight into the role of NM II in these processes has been gained from loss-of-function and mutant approaches, methods that quantitatively measure actin and adhesion dynamics and the discovery of NM II mutations that cause monogenic diseases.
          Article 0 comments Cited 636 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family.

            Rebecca I Montgomery, Morgyn S Warner, Brian J Lum … (1996)
            We identified and cloned a cellular mediator of herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry. Hamster and swine cells resistant to viral entry became susceptible upon expression of a human cDNA encoding this protein, designated HVEM (for herpesvirus entry mediator). HVEM was shown to mediate the entry of several wild-type HSV strains of both serotypes. Anti-HVEM antibodies and a soluble hybrid protein containing the HVEM ectodomain inhibited HVEM-dependent infection but not virus binding to cells. Mutations in the HSV envelope glycoprotein gD significantly reduced HVEM-mediated entry. The contribution of HVEM to HSV entry into human cells was demonstrable in activated T cells. HVEM, the first identified mediator of HSV entry, is a new member of the TNF/NGF receptor family.
            Article 0 comments Cited 207 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Fusing structure and function: a structural view of the herpesvirus entry machinery.

              Sarah Connolly, Julia O Jackson, Theodore Jardetzky … (2011)
              Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that infect host cells through fusion with either the host cell plasma membrane or endocytic vesicle membranes. Efficient infection of host cells by herpesviruses is remarkably more complex than infection by other viruses, as it requires the concerted effort of multiple glycoproteins and involves multiple host receptors. The structures of the major viral glycoproteins and a number of host receptors involved in the entry of the prototypical herpesviruses, the herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are now known. These structural studies have accelerated our understanding of HSV and EBV binding and fusion by revealing the conformational changes that occur on virus-receptor binding, depicting potential sites of functional protein and lipid interactions, and identifying the probable viral fusogen.
              Article 0 comments Cited 167 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virol J
                Title: Virology Journal
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1743-422X
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 October 2011
                Volume: 8
                Page: 481
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, (1855 W. Taylor), Chicago, IL (60612), USA
                [2 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, (835 S. Wolcott) IL (60612), USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1743-422X-8-481
                DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-481
                PMC ID: 3223518
                PubMed ID: 22029482
                SO-VID: 0b4486ca-8ca1-4fc9-abb1-2b22cce4dcb0
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Karasneh and Shukla; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 4 August 2011
                Date accepted : 26 October 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-1 and type-2,hsv entry,receptors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-1 and type-2, hsv entry, receptors

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