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      Annular Fiber Probe for Interstitial Illumination in Photoacoustic Guidance of Radiofrequency Ablation

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          Abstract

          Unresectable liver tumors are commonly treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, this technique is associated with high recurrence rates due to incomplete tumor ablation. Accurate image guidance of the RFA procedure contributes to successful ablation, but currently used imaging modalities have shortcomings in device guidance and treatment monitoring. We explore the potential of using photoacoustic (PA) imaging combined with conventional ultrasound (US) imaging for real-time RFA guidance. To overcome the low penetration depth of light in tissue, we have developed an annular fiber probe (AFP), which can be inserted into tissue enabling interstitial illumination of tissue. The AFP is a cannula with 72 optical fibers that allows an RFA device to slide through its lumen, thereby enabling PA imaging for RFA device guidance and ablation monitoring. We show that the PA signal from interstitial illumination is not affected by absorber-to-surface depth compared to extracorporeal illumination. We also demonstrate successful imaging of the RFA electrodes, a blood vessel mimic, a tumor-mimicking phantom, and ablated liver tissue boundaries in ex vivo chicken and bovine liver samples. PA-assisted needle guidance revealed clear needle tip visualization, a notable improvement to current US needle guidance. Our probe shows potential for RFA device guidance and ablation detection, which potentially aids in real-time monitoring.

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          Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy.

          Minimally invasive thermal ablation of tumours has become common since the advent of modern imaging. From the ablation of small, unresectable tumours to experimental therapies, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation and irreversible electroporation have an increasing role in the treatment of solid neoplasms. This Opinion article examines the mechanisms of tumour cell death that are induced by the most common thermoablative techniques and discusses the rapidly developing areas of research in the field, including combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy, synergy with conventional chemotherapy and radiation, and the development of a new ablation modality in irreversible electroporation.
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            Optical properties of biological tissues: a review.

            A review of reported tissue optical properties summarizes the wavelength-dependent behavior of scattering and absorption. Formulae are presented for generating the optical properties of a generic tissue with variable amounts of absorbing chromophores (blood, water, melanin, fat, yellow pigments) and a variable balance between small-scale scatterers and large-scale scatterers in the ultrastructures of cells and tissues.
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              A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences.

              The life sciences can benefit greatly from imaging technologies that connect microscopic discoveries with macroscopic observations. One technology uniquely positioned to provide such benefits is photoacoustic tomography (PAT), a sensitive modality for imaging optical absorption contrast over a range of spatial scales at high speed. In PAT, endogenous contrast reveals a tissue's anatomical, functional, metabolic, and histologic properties, and exogenous contrast provides molecular and cellular specificity. The spatial scale of PAT covers organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and small animals. Consequently, PAT is complementary to other imaging modalities in contrast mechanism, penetration, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution. We review the fundamentals of PAT and provide practical guidelines for matching PAT systems with research needs. We also summarize the most promising biomedical applications of PAT, discuss related challenges, and envision PAT's potential to lead to further breakthroughs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                29 June 2021
                July 2021
                : 21
                : 13
                : 4458
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Multi-Modality Medical Imaging, Technical Medical Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; s.manohar@ 123456utwente.nl
                [2 ]Biomedical Photonic Imaging, Technical Medical Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; f.kalloorjoseph@ 123456utwente.nl (K.J.F.); erascevs@ 123456uwo.ca (E.R.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: h.kruit@ 123456utwente.nl
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-7140
                Article
                sensors-21-04458
                10.3390/s21134458
                8271966
                34209996
                0b4ea394-436e-4903-8abd-f067a9938105
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 May 2021
                : 24 June 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                photoacoustics,ultrasound imaging,multimodal imaging,interventional imaging,interstitial illumination,radiofrequency ablation,liver treatment,minimally invasive procedures,surgical tool tracking

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