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      Testing Modified Dark Matter with Galaxy Clusters: Does Dark Matter know about the Cosmological Constant?

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          Abstract

          We discuss the possibility that the cold dark matter mass profiles contain information on the cosmological constant, and that such information constrains the nature of cold dark matter (CDM). We call this approach Modified Dark Matter (MDM). In particular, we examine the ability of MDM to explain the observed mass profiles of 13 galaxy clusters. Using general arguments from gravitational thermodynamics, we provide a theoretical justification for our MDM mass profile and successfully compare it to the NFW mass profiles both on cluster and galactic scales. Our results suggest that indeed the CDM mass profiles contain information about the cosmological constant in a non-trivial way.

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          The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)

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            Observational Evidence for a Dark Side to NGC5128's Globular Cluster System

            , , (2015)
            We present a study of the dynamical properties of 125 compact stellar systems (CSSs) in the nearby giant elliptical galaxy NGC5128, using high-resolution spectra (R 26,000) obtained with VLT/FLAMES. Our results provide evidence for a new type of star cluster, based on the CSS dynamical mass scaling relations. All radial velocity (v_r) and line-of-sight velocity dispersion (sigma_los) measurements are performed with the penalized pixel fitting (ppxf) technique, which provided sigma_ppxf estimates for 115 targets. The sigma_ppxf estimates are corrected to the 2D projected half-light radii, sigma_{1/2}, as well as the cluster cores, sigma_0, accounting for observational/aperture effects and are combined with structural parameters, from high spatial resolution imaging, in order to derive total dynamical masses (M_dyn) for 112 members of NGC5128's star cluster system. In total, 89 CSSs have dynamical masses measured for the first time along with the corresponding dynamical mass-to-light ratios (Upsilon_V^dyn). We find two distinct sequences in the Upsilon_V^dyn - M_dyn plane, which are well approximated by power laws of the forms Upsilon_V^dyn M_dyn^0.33+\-0.04 and Upsilon_V^dyn - M_dyn^0.79+\-0.04. The shallower sequence corresponds to the very bright tail of the globular cluster luminosity function (GCLF), while the steeper relation appears to be populated by a distinct group of objects which require significant dark gravitating components such as central massive black holes and/or exotically concentrated dark matter distributions. This result would suggest that the formation and evolution of these CSSs are markedly different from the "classical" globular clusters in NGC5128 and the Local Group, despite the fact that these clusters have luminosities similar to the GCLF turn-over magnitude. We include a thorough discussion of myriad factors potentially influencing our measurements.
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              Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Gravitational Polarization

              A model of dark matter and dark energy based on the concept of gravitational polarization is investigated. We propose an action in standard general relativity for describing, at some effective or phenomenological level, the dynamics of a dipolar medium, i.e. one endowed with a dipole moment vector, and polarizable in a gravitational field. Using first-order cosmological perturbations, we show that the dipolar fluid is undistinguishable from standard dark energy (a cosmological constant Lambda) plus standard dark matter (a pressureless perfect fluid), and therefore benefits from the successes of the Lambda-CDM (Lambda-cold dark matter) scenario at cosmological scales. Invoking an argument of "weak clusterisation" of the mass distribution of dipole moments, we find that the dipolar dark matter reproduces the phenomenology of the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) at galactic scales. The dipolar medium action naturally contains a cosmological constant, and we show that if the model is to come from some fundamental underlying physics, the cosmological constant Lambda should be of the order of a0^2/c^4, where a0 denotes the MOND constant acceleration scale, in good agreement with observations.
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