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      Ethnic Socialization, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem in Chinese Mulao Adolescents

      research-article
      1 , * , 2
      Frontiers in Psychology
      Frontiers Media S.A.
      ethnic socialization, ethnic identity, self-esteem, Mulao, adolescents

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          Abstract

          We examined the associations and likely pathways between ethnic socialization, ethnic identity, and self-esteem among junior high school students of Chinese Mulao ethnic minority. A total of 469 Mulao students (220 boys and 249 girls) completed the Ethnic Socialization Measurement revised by Yin et al. (2016), the Revised Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM-R) by Roberts et al. (1999), and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale (Chinese Version) by Wang et al. (1999). The main results indicated that adolescents who perceived more promotion of harmony messages tended to report stronger ethnic identity and higher self-esteem. Adolescents who perceived cultural socialization displayed stronger ethnic identity and higher self-esteem, while the promotion of distrust messages was negatively associated with self-esteem. Multiple-group analysis revealed that the relationships were stable across gender, parental education, but varied significantly across students’ grade. These findings emphasize the important role of positive ethnic socialization messages in adolescents’ ethnic identity and self-esteem. In addition, it is also important that we pay attention to negative ethnic socialization messages and consider their grade when communicating ethnic information with adolescents. Finally, our results are analyzed and notable suggestions are presented for ethnic family education.

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          Most cited references74

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          The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Diverse Groups

          J. Phinney (1992)
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            Development and validation of ego-identity status.

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              Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study.

              Recently, there has been an emergence of literature on the mechanisms through which parents transmit information, values, and perspectives about ethnicity and race to their children, commonly referred to as racial or ethnic socialization. This literature has sought to document the nature of such socialization, its antecedents in parents' and children's characteristics and experiences, and its consequences for children's well-being and development. In this article, the authors integrate and synthesize what is known about racial and ethnic socialization on the basis of current empirical research, examining studies concerning its nature and frequency; its child, parent, and ecological predictors; and its consequences for children's development, including ethnic identity, self-esteem, coping with discrimination, academic achievement, and psychosocial well-being. The authors also discuss conceptual and methodological limitations of the literature and suggest directions for future research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                22 October 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 730478
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Psychological Health Center, Guilin University of Electronic and Technology , Guilin, China
                [2] 2Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Atsushi Oshio, Waseda University, Japan

                Reviewed by: Sara Filipiak, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Poland; Tadahiro Shimotsukasa, Waseda University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Lu Kuang, kuanglu@ 123456guet.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730478
                8569933
                34744899
                0b7f4ac2-b36d-4202-98d3-d2c8639b25b3
                Copyright © 2021 Kuang and Nishikawa.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 25 June 2021
                : 30 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 9, Words: 7541
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                ethnic socialization,ethnic identity,self-esteem,mulao,adolescents

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