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      Style Evolution: Space and Movement in Longfellow’s Lyrical Poems Translated title: Evolução do estilo: espaço e movimento nos poemas líricos de Longfellow

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Variance of individual style over time and the tendencies in style evolution are important issues in modern linguistics. This paper investigates how parameters of space and movement categorization were deployed by the famous American poet H.W. Longfellow at different stages of his creative career. The attention is focused on lexical units with spatial meaning. The analysis revealed significant changes in (i) the structure of space, (ii) the ratio of horizontal vs. vertical relations of objects, statics vs. dynamics, and (iii) the role of a human being in poetic space. The early verse represents the world as a balanced unity, which then turns into a more complex system with two strata of reality. At the final stage of Longfellow’s creative career, space in his poetic world is integrated again but now acquires a new structural organisation that is different, to a certain extent, from that of his early period.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A variação do estilo individual ao longo do tempo e as tendências na evolução do estilo são questões importantes na linguística moderna. Este artigo investiga como parâmetros de categorização de espaço e movimento foram implantados pelo famoso poeta americano H. W. Longfellow em diferentes estágios de sua carreira criativa. A atenção está focada em unidades lexicais com significado espacial. A análise revelou alterações significativas (i) na estrutura do espaço, (ii) na proporção das relações horizontais versus verticais dos objetos, estáticas versus dinâmicas, e (iii) no papel do ser humano no espaço poético. Os primeiros poemas representam o mundo como uma unidade equilibrada, que depois se transforma num sistema mais complexo com dois estratos de realidade. Na fase final da carreira criativa de Longfellow, o espaço está novamente integrado no seu mundo poético, mas agora adquire uma nova organização estrutural que é, de certa maneira, diferente do seu período inicial.

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          Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors.

          The present paper evaluates the claim that abstract conceptual domains are structured through metaphorical mappings from domains grounded directly in experience. In particular, the paper asks whether the abstract domain of time gets its relational structure from the more concrete domain of space. Relational similarities between space and time are outlined along with several explanations of how these similarities may have arisen. Three experiments designed to distinguish between these explanations are described. The results indicate that (1) the domains of space and time do share conceptual structure, (2) spatial relational information is just as useful for thinking about time as temporal information, and (3) with frequent use, mappings between space and time come to be stored in the domain of time and so thinking about time does not necessarily require access to spatial schemas. These findings provide some of the first empirical evidence for Metaphoric Structuring. It appears that abstract domains such as time are indeed shaped by metaphorical mappings from more concrete and experiential domains such as space.
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            Words of wisdom: language use over the life span.

            Two projects explored the links between language use and aging. In the first project, written or spoken text samples from disclosure studies from over 3,000 research participants from 45 different studies representing 21 laboratories in 3 countries were analyzed to determine how people change in their use of 14 text dimensions as a function of age. A separate project analyzed the collected works of 10 well-known novelists, playwrights, and poets who lived over the last 500 years. Both projects found that with increasing age, individuals use more positive and fewer negative affect words, use fewer self-references, use more future-tense and fewer past-tense verbs, and demonstrate a general pattern of increasing cognitive complexity. Implications for using language as a marker of personality among current and historical texts are discussed.
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              The Evolution of Stylometry in Humanities Scholarship

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bak
                Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso
                Bakhtiniana, Rev. Estud. Discurso
                LAEL/PUC-SP (Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo) (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2176-4573
                September 2021
                : 16
                : 3
                : 166-186
                Affiliations
                [1] Smolensk orgnameSmolensk State University orgdiv1Foreign Languages Chair Russian Federation vadim.andreev@ 123456ymail.com
                Article
                S2176-45732021000300166 S2176-4573(21)01600300166
                10.1590/2176-457350035
                0b907284-4e5f-4dfd-9259-c45e7f91cf2c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 August 2020
                : 31 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Longfellow,Dimension,Movement categorization,Space categorization,Style evolution,Dimensão,Categorização do movimento,Categorização do espaço,Evolução do estilo

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