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      Experiencias de vida de personas con Covid-19 durante el periodo de cuarentena Translated title: Life experiences of people with Covid-19 during the quarantine period

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo principal: comprender las experiencias de vida de personas con diagnóstico de Covid-19 durante el periodo de cuarentena en Santiago de Chile. Diseño: estudio cualitativo descriptivo de carácter fenomenológico y exploratorio. Metodología: Los participantes fueron personas entre 18 y 65 años, con infección previa por Covid-19 y PCR positivo. Se utilizó un muestreo intencional con 11 informantes. La información se recogió a través de entrevistas en profundidad vía online, grabadas y transcritas manualmente. Para el análisis se siguió la metodología de Colaizzi. Resultados principales: emociones intensas, apoyo de familiares y vecinos, estigma y autocuidado, fueron las cuatro categorías surgidas del análisis. Conclusión principal: las personas con Covid-19 tuvieron en general un alto riesgo de tener problemas emocionales y sociales. Sin embargo, la pandemia también tuvo un efecto positivo sobre las relaciones familiares, el sentido a la vida, el autocontrol y el autocuidado.

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          Abstract Main objective: to understand the life experiences of people diagnosed with Covid-19 during the quarantine period in Santiago de Chile city. Design: a descriptive phenomenological qualitative study with an exploratory approach. Methodology: Participants aged between 18 and 65 years, with previous Covid-19 infection and positive PCR. Purposive sampling with 11 informants was used. The information was collected through in-depth online interviews, recorded, and manually transcribed. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. Main results: intense emotions, support from family and neighbors, stigma and self-care were the four categories that emerged from the analysis. Main conclusion: people with Covid-19 had a high risk for emotional and social problems. However, the pandemic also had a positive effect on family relationships, meaning of life, self-control, and self-care.

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          Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization

          Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.
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            Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period

            Background Choosing a suitable sample size in qualitative research is an area of conceptual debate and practical uncertainty. That sample size principles, guidelines and tools have been developed to enable researchers to set, and justify the acceptability of, their sample size is an indication that the issue constitutes an important marker of the quality of qualitative research. Nevertheless, research shows that sample size sufficiency reporting is often poor, if not absent, across a range of disciplinary fields. Methods A systematic analysis of single-interview-per-participant designs within three health-related journals from the disciplines of psychology, sociology and medicine, over a 15-year period, was conducted to examine whether and how sample sizes were justified and how sample size was characterised and discussed by authors. Data pertinent to sample size were extracted and analysed using qualitative and quantitative analytic techniques. Results Our findings demonstrate that provision of sample size justifications in qualitative health research is limited; is not contingent on the number of interviews; and relates to the journal of publication. Defence of sample size was most frequently supported across all three journals with reference to the principle of saturation and to pragmatic considerations. Qualitative sample sizes were predominantly – and often without justification – characterised as insufficient (i.e., ‘small’) and discussed in the context of study limitations. Sample size insufficiency was seen to threaten the validity and generalizability of studies’ results, with the latter being frequently conceived in nomothetic terms. Conclusions We recommend, firstly, that qualitative health researchers be more transparent about evaluations of their sample size sufficiency, situating these within broader and more encompassing assessments of data adequacy. Secondly, we invite researchers critically to consider how saturation parameters found in prior methodological studies and sample size community norms might best inform, and apply to, their own project and encourage that data adequacy is best appraised with reference to features that are intrinsic to the study at hand. Finally, those reviewing papers have a vital role in supporting and encouraging transparent study-specific reporting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic

              Healthcare workers and patients who have survived COVID-19 are facing stigma and discrimination all over the world. Sanjeet Bagcchi reports. Stigma associated with COVID-19 poses a serious threat to the lives of healthcare workers, patients, and survivors of the disease. In May 2020, a community of advocates comprising of 13 medical and humanitarian organisations including, among others, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the the International Hospital Federation, and World Medical Association issued a declaration that condemned more than 200 incidents of COVID-19 related attacks on healthcare workers and health facilities during the ongoing pandemic. According to the declaration, “The recent displays of public support for COVID-19 responders are heartwarming, but many responders are nevertheless experiencing harassment, stigmatization and physical violence.” In a Mar 18, 2020 statement, WHO also unveiled that “some healthcare workers may unfortunately experience avoidance by their family or community owing to stigma or fear. This can make an already challenging situation far more difficult.” Several incidents of stigmatization of healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, and survivors have come up during this pandemic across the world. For instance, in Mexico, doctors and nurses were found to use bicycles, as they were reportedly denied access to public transport and were subjected to physical assaults. Similarly, in Malawi, healthcare workers were reportedly disallowed from using public transport, insulted in the street, and evicted from rented apartments. In India, media reports revealed that doctors and medical staff dealing with COVID-19 patients faced substantial social ostracism; they were asked to vacate the rented homes, and were even attacked while carrying out their duties. With respect to social stigma of COVID-19 patients, there was an incident where a pregnant woman was reportedly abandoned by her family in India, after she gave birth to a child at a hospital in Maharashtra state, and was found positive for SARS-CoV-2. In some cases, COVID-19 survivors in India were stalked in social media. A COVID-19 survivor in Harare, Zimbabwe, got surprised, according to a media report, when the road in front of his house was named as “corona road” and some people even preferred to avoid the road fearing the possibilities of infection. “COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented panic in the minds of people in India and several other countries”, says Diptendra Kumar Sarkar, a professor of surgery and Covid-19 strategist affiliated to the Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education Research (Kolkata, India). According to him, healthcare workers in India have become a natural target in the society, which is why they are suffering mental stress. Many of them faced social isolation, because of their job, and some had even faced near lynching situations, he points out. “Such a situation of social isolation may be linked to the high infectivity of the virus”, he suggests. Rahuldeb Sarkar, a respiratory medicine consultant at the Medway Maritime Hospital (Kent, UK) adds that, in countries such as India and Mexico, healthcare workers have to face substantial stigma during the pandemic as a result of the fear (about the infection) of the general public. “People do not have clear idea about modes of transmission of the virus”, he says. “Social stigma in COVID-19 pandemic is attributable to unscientific belief and improper understanding of common masses”, says Asis Manna, a professor of microbiology at the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital (Kolkata, India). According to him, some people believe that healthcare staff working in a hospital are a potential source of infection. This baseless belief extends to drivers of ambulances, family members of COVID-19 patients, and also patients discharged from the hospital after cure, he notes. However, in USA and UK, the doctors' experience of COVID-19 related stigma is different. “In the USA, we have had several instances where healthcare workers have faced harassment at public places because they have been perceived as at higher risk of transmission”, says Anish Ray, a consultant pediatrician at the Cook Children's Medical Center (TX, USA). However, according to Sarkar put, “In the UK, we were fortunate not to have stigma around healthcare workers' possibility of catching COVID. Instead of turning on against us, our neighbors truly appreciated the work we have been doing”. To tackle social stigma derived from COVID-19, WHO speaks of creating an environment where open discussion among people and healthcare workers is possible. “How we communicate about COVID-19 is critical in supporting people to take effective action to help combat the disease and to avoid fuelling fear and stigma”, WHO says, in a statement. “All efforts must be taken to scientifically destigmatise COVID-19 instead of statutory sermons by law makers”, urges Sarkar. “Proper health education targeting the public appears to be the most effective method to prevent social harassments of both healthcare workers and COVID-19 survivors”, says Ray. “It would also help create a proper environment to work as a team to contain this pandemic”, he stresses. © 2020 Flickr - Harsha K R 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                index
                Index de Enfermería
                Index Enferm
                Fundación Index (Granada, Granada, Spain )
                1132-1296
                1699-5988
                September 2022
                : 31
                : 3
                : 180-184
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago de Chile Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Finis Terrae orgdiv1Escuela de Enfermería Chile
                [2] Santiago de Chile Araucanía orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Chile orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería Chile
                Article
                S1132-12962022000300009 S1132-1296(22)03100300009
                0b93583b-7ad8-4cdd-a8c3-9ba695d4df2b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 January 2022
                : 31 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Emociones,Pandemias,Estigma Social,Covid-19,Pandemics,Social stigma,Emotions

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