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      Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains

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          Abstract

          Epigenetic proteins are intently pursued targets in ligand discovery. To date, successful efforts have been limited to chromatin modifying enzymes, or so-called epigenetic “writers” and “erasers”. Potent inhibitors of histone binding modules have not yet been described. Here we report a cell-permeable small molecule (JQ1) which binds competitively to acetyl-lysine recognition motifs, or bromodomains. High potency and specificity toward a subset of human bromodomains is explained by co-crystal structures with BRD4, revealing excellent shape complementarity with the acetyl-lysine binding cavity. Recurrent translocation of BRD4 is observed in a genetically-defined, incurable subtype of human squamous carcinoma. Competitive binding by JQ1 displaces the BRD4 fusion oncoprotein from chromatin, prompting squamous differentiation and specific anti-proliferative effects in BRD4-dependent cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models. These data establish proof of concept for targeting protein-protein interactions of epigenetic “readers” and provide a versatile chemical scaffold for the development of chemical probes more broadly throughout the bromodomain family.

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          Most cited references36

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          Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells.

          The bcr-abl oncogene, present in 95% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has been implicated as the cause of this disease. A compound, designed to inhibit the Abl protein tyrosine kinase, was evaluated for its effects on cells containing the Bcr-Abl fusion protein. Cellular proliferation and tumor formation by Bcr-Abl-expressing cells were specifically inhibited by this compound. In colony-forming assays of peripheral blood or bone marrow from patients with CML, there was a 92-98% decrease in the number of bcr-abl colonies formed but no inhibition of normal colony formation. This compound may be useful in the treatment of bcr-abl-positive leukemias.
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            Structural mechanism for STI-571 inhibition of abelson tyrosine kinase.

            The inadvertent activation of the Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A small-molecule inhibitor of Abl (STI-571) is effective in the treatment of CML. We report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Abl, complexed to a variant of STI-571. Critical to the binding of STI-571 is the adoption by the kinase of an inactive conformation, in which a centrally located "activation loop" is not phosphorylated. The conformation of this loop is distinct from that in active protein kinases, as well as in the inactive form of the closely related Src kinases. These results suggest that compounds that exploit the distinctive inactivation mechanisms of individual protein kinases can achieve both high affinity and high specificity.
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              Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

              Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) were treated with all-trans retinoic acid (45 to 100 mg/m2/day). Of these, eight cases had been either nonresponsive or resistant to previous chemotherapy; the other 16 cases were previously untreated. All patients attained complete remission without developing bone marrow hypoplasia. Bone marrow suspension cultures were studied in 15 of the 24 patients. Fourteen of these patients had morphological maturation in response to the retinoic acid (1 mumol/L). Chloroacetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining as well as electronmicroscopic examination confirmed that retinoic acid-induced cells differentiated to granulocytes with increased functional maturation (as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, NBT). The single nonresponder to retinoic acid in vitro was resistant to treatment with retinoic acid but attained complete remission after addition of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). During the course of therapy, none of the patients showed any abnormalities in the coagulation parameters we measured, suggesting an absence of any subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation. The only side effects consisted of mild dryness of the lips and skin, with occasional headaches and digestive symptoms. Eight patients have relapsed after 2 to 5 months of complete remission. The others remain in complete remission at 1+ to 11+ months and are still being followed up. We conclude that all-trans retinoic acid is an effective inducer for attaining complete remission in APL.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                0410462
                6011
                Nature
                Nature
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                12 October 2010
                24 September 2010
                23 December 2010
                23 June 2011
                : 468
                : 7327
                : 1067-1073
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
                [2 ] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
                [3 ] Walther Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
                [4 ] Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
                [5 ] Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
                [6 ] Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
                [7 ] Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
                [8 ] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
                [9 ] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                Author notes
                [** ]Corresponding authors: James E. Bradner ( james_bradner@ 123456dfci.harvard.edu ), Stefan Knapp ( stefan.knapp@ 123456sgc.ox.ac.uk )
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                nihpa237676
                10.1038/nature09504
                3010259
                20871596
                0ba1c6cc-6eeb-41bd-b6ac-b6cabd7a8eae

                Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: K08 CA128972-03 ||CA
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