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      Handgrip strength as an instrument for assessing the risk of malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients Translated title: Força de preensão manual como instrumento de avaliação do risco de desnutrição e inflamação em pacientes em hemodiálise

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          Abstract

          Indroduction:

          Establishing which parameters to use for diagnosing malnutrition in hemodialysis patients is a challenge in clinical practice. The handgrip strength (HGS) has stood out as a method of assessing nutritional status. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the cut-off point for HGS in the assessment of the risk of malnutrition and inflammation in HD patients, and its association with other parameters.

          Methods:

          Study carried out in hemodialysis units in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. We obtained the cut-off point of the HGS through the ROC curve, using the malnutrition and inflammation score (MIS) as a reference. We checked the relationship (Odds ratio) between the variables “MIS” and “HGS” with the other study variables using the multivariate analysis (logistic regression).

          Results:

          We assessed 238 patients (132 men), between 18 and 87 years of age (median = 59). The HGS cut-off point for diagnosing malnutrition and inflammation according to the reference used was <14.5 kg for women, and <23.5 kg for men. According to the HGS criteria, malnourished patients were older (OR = 0.958), with lower arm circumference (OR = 1.328) and higher scores in the malnutrition and inflammation score (OR = 0.85).

          Conclusion:

          HGS was significantly correlated with other nutritional assessment parameters. These results suggest that HGS is a valid screening tool to identify the risk of malnutrition and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.

          Resumo

          Introdução:

          Estabelecer quais parâmetros utilizar para diagnóstico de desnutrição em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) é um desafio na prática clínica. A força de preensão manual (FPM) tem-se destacado como um método de avaliação do estado nutricional. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o ponto de corte da FPM na avaliação do risco de desnutrição e inflamação de pacientes em HD e sua associação com outros parâmetros.

          Métodos:

          Estudo realizado em unidades de hemodiálise na cidade de Curitiba, Brasil. Ponto de corte da força de preensão manual obtido através da curva ROC, usando como referência o escore de desnutrição e inflamação (MIS). A relação (Odds ratio) entre as variáveis “MIS” e “FPM” com as demais variáveis do estudo foi verificada por meio de análise multivariada (regressão logística).

          Resultados:

          Foram avaliados 238 pacientes (132 homens), entre 18 e 87 anos (mediana = 59). Ponto de corte da FPM para diagnóstico de desnutrição e inflamação de acordo com a referência utilizada: < 14,5 kg para mulheres e < 23,5 kg para homens. Pacientes desnutridos conforme critérios da FPM eram mais velhos (OR=0,958), com menor circunferência do braço (OR=1,328) e maior pontuação no MIS (OR=0,85).

          Conclusão:

          A FPM foi correlacionada de forma significativa com outros parâmetros de avaliação nutricional. Esses resultados sugerem que a FPM é um instrumento de triagem válido para identificar risco de desnutrição e inflamação em pacientes em hemodiálise.

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          Most cited references41

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          Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status.

          Among all muscle function tests, measurement of hand grip strength has gained attention as a simple, non-invasive marker of muscle strength of upper extremities, well suitable for clinical use. This review outlines the prognostic relevance of grip strength in various clinical and epidemiologic settings and investigates its suitability as marker of nutritional status in cross-sectional as well as intervention studies. Studies investigating grip strength as prognostic marker or nutritional parameter in cross-sectional or intervention studies were summarized. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have shown the predictive potential of hand grip strength regarding short and long-term mortality and morbidity. In patients, impaired grip strength is an indicator of increased postoperative complications, increased length of hospitalization, higher rehospitalisation rate and decreased physical status. In elderly in particular, loss of grip strength implies loss of independence. Epidemiological studies have moreover demonstrated that low grip strength in healthy adults predicts increased risk of functional limitations and disability in higher age as well as all-cause mortality. As muscle function reacts early to nutritional deprivation, hand grip strength has also become a popular marker of nutritional status and is increasingly being employed as outcome variable in nutritional intervention studies. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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            A malnutrition-inflammation score is correlated with morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

            Malnutrition inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) occurs commonly in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and may correlate with increased morbidity and mortality. An optimal, comprehensive, quantitative system that assesses MICS could be a useful measure of clinical status and may be a predictor of outcome in MHD patients. We therefore attempted to develop and validate such an instrument, comparing it with conventional measures of nutrition and inflammation, as well as prospective hospitalization and mortality. Using components of the conventional Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), a semiquantitative scale with three severity levels, the Dialysis Malnutrition Score (DMS), a fully quantitative scoring system consisting of 7 SGA components, with total score ranging between 7 (normal) and 35 (severely malnourished), was recently developed. To improve the DMS, we added three new elements to the 7 DMS components: body mass index, serum albumin level, and total iron-binding capacity to represent serum transferrin level. This new comprehensive Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) has 10 components, each with four levels of severity, from 0 (normal) to 3 (very severe). The sum of all 10 MIS components ranges from 0 to 30, denoting increasing degree of severity. These scores were compared with anthropometric measurements, near-infrared-measured body fat percentage, laboratory measures that included serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and 12-month prospective hospitalization and mortality rates. Eighty-three outpatients (44 men, 39 women; age, 59 +/- 15 years) on MHD therapy for at least 3 months (43 +/- 33 months) were evaluated at the beginning of this study and followed up for 1 year. The SGA, DMS, and MIS were assessed simultaneously on all patients by a trained physician. Case-mix-adjusted correlation coefficients for the MIS were significant for hospitalization days (r = 0.45; P < 0.001) and frequency of hospitalization (r = 0.46; P < 0.001). Compared with the SGA and DMS, most pertinent correlation coefficients were stronger with the MIS. The MIS, but not the SGA or DMS, correlated significantly with creatinine level, hematocrit, and CRP level. During the 12-month follow-up, 9 patients died and 6 patients left the cohort. The Cox proportional hazard-calculated relative risk for death for each 10-unit increase in the MIS was 10.43 (95% confidence interval, 2.28 to 47.64; P = 0.002). The MIS was superior to its components or different subversions for predicting mortality. The MIS appears to be a comprehensive scoring system with significant associations with prospective hospitalization and mortality, as well as measures of nutrition, inflammation, and anemia in MHD patients. The MIS may be superior to the conventional SGA and the DMS, as well as to individual laboratory values, as a predictor of dialysis outcome and an indicator of MICS.
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              A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease.

              The recent research findings concerning syndromes of muscle wasting, malnutrition, and inflammation in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) have led to a need for new terminology. To address this need, the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) convened an expert panel to review and develop standard terminologies and definitions related to wasting, cachexia, malnutrition, and inflammation in CKD and AKI. The ISRNM expert panel recommends the term 'protein-energy wasting' for loss of body protein mass and fuel reserves. 'Kidney disease wasting' refers to the occurrence of protein-energy wasting in CKD or AKI regardless of the cause. Cachexia is a severe form of protein-energy wasting that occurs infrequently in kidney disease. Protein-energy wasting is diagnosed if three characteristics are present (low serum levels of albumin, transthyretin, or cholesterol), reduced body mass (low or reduced body or fat mass or weight loss with reduced intake of protein and energy), and reduced muscle mass (muscle wasting or sarcopenia, reduced mid-arm muscle circumference). The kidney disease wasting is divided into two main categories of CKD- and AKI-associated protein-energy wasting. Measures of chronic inflammation or other developing tests can be useful clues for the existence of protein-energy wasting but do not define protein-energy wasting. Clinical staging and potential treatment strategies for protein-energy wasting are to be developed in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                15 July 2020
                Oct-Dec 2020
                : 42
                : 4
                : 429-436
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Fundação Pró-Renal, Setor de Nutrição, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Caroline Finger Sostisso. E-mail: carol_fs@ 123456hotmail.com

                Authors‘ Contributions

                Caroline Finger Sostisso: project design and data collection; tabulation, interpretation of statistical data and creation of tables and figures; writing the text and standardizing the rules according to the journal.

                Mayara Olikszechen: project design and data collection; tabulation, interpretation of statistical data; text revision.

                Melissa Nihi Sato: project design and data collection; tabulation, interpretation of statistical data; text revision.

                Miriam de Aguiar Souza Cruz Oliveira: project design and data collection; tabulation, interpretation of statistical data; text revision.

                Scheila Karam: project design and data collection; tabulation, interpretation of statistical data; text revision.

                Conflict of Interest

                There are no conflicts of interest related to the manuscript.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-6475
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1383-4288
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-4971
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-130X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1646-3838
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2019-0177
                7860643
                32672327
                0bace9b5-6317-457e-be22-ad395a925a7f

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 August 2019
                : 05 April 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                muscle strength dynamometer,muscle strength,nutrition assessment,malnutrition,renal dialysis,dinamômetro de força muscular,força muscular,avaliação nutricional,desnutrição,diálise renal

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