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      Genetic characterization of an H5N6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern China, October 2019

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          Abstract

          Background

          Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of H5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. In recent years, H5N6 subtype has rapidly replaced H5N1 as the most predominate HPAIV subtype circulating in domestic poultry in China. In this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent H5N6 strain in Guangdong, China.

          Results

          Nucleotide sequencing identified a H5N6 subtype HPAIV, designated as A/chicken/Dongguan/1101/2019 (DG/19), with a multibasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed DG/19 was a reassortant of H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, and H6N6 subtypes of avian influenza viruses. A number of mammalian adaptive markers such as D36N in the HA were identified.

          Conclusions

          Our results showed that HPAIV H5N6 strains still emerge in well-managed groups of chicken farms. Considering the increasing prevalence of H5N6 HPAIV, and the fact that H5N6 HPAIVs are well adapted to migratory birds, an enhanced surveillance for the East Asian-Australasian flyway should be undertaken to prevent potential threats to the poultry industry and human health.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02903-z.

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          SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes

          Andrew Waterhouse, Martino Bertoni, Stefan Bienert … (2018)
          Abstract Homology modelling has matured into an important technique in structural biology, significantly contributing to narrowing the gap between known protein sequences and experimentally determined structures. Fully automated workflows and servers simplify and streamline the homology modelling process, also allowing users without a specific computational expertise to generate reliable protein models and have easy access to modelling results, their visualization and interpretation. Here, we present an update to the SWISS-MODEL server, which pioneered the field of automated modelling 25 years ago and been continuously further developed. Recently, its functionality has been extended to the modelling of homo- and heteromeric complexes. Starting from the amino acid sequences of the interacting proteins, both the stoichiometry and the overall structure of the complex are inferred by homology modelling. Other major improvements include the implementation of a new modelling engine, ProMod3 and the introduction a new local model quality estimation method, QMEANDisCo. SWISS-MODEL is freely available at https://swissmodel.expasy.org.
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            Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls.

            Ron Fouchier, Vincent Munster, Anders Wallensten … (2005)
            In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific reactivity between H16 and the previously described subtypes H1 to H15. Genetically, H16 HA was found to be distantly related to H13 HA, a subtype also detected exclusively in shorebirds, and the amino acid composition of the putative receptor-binding site of H13 and H16 HAs was found to be distinct from that in HA subtypes circulating in ducks and geese. The H16 viruses contained NA genes that were similar to those of other Eurasian shorebirds but genetically distinct from N3 genes detected in other birds and geographical locations. The European gull viruses were further distinguishable from other influenza A viruses based on their PB2, NP, and NS genes. Gaining information on the full spectrum of avian influenza A viruses and creating reagents for their detection and identification will remain an important task for influenza surveillance, outbreak control, and animal and public health. We propose that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA and NA subtypes.
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              The biology of influenza viruses

              Nicole M. Bouvier, Peter Palese (2008)
              Article 0 comments Cited 188 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Feng Wen:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-1503
                wenf@fosu.edu.cn
                Yong Li: liyong2912@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet Res
                Title: BMC Veterinary Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 17
                Electronic Location Identifier: 200
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.443369.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2331 8060, College of Life Science and Engineering, , Foshan University, ; Foshan, 528231 Guangdong China
                [2 ]GRID grid.411859.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1808 3238, College of Animal Science and Technology, , Jiangxi Agricultural University, ; Nanchang, 330045 Jiangxi China
                [3 ]GRID grid.20561.30, ISNI 0000 0000 9546 5767, College of Veterinary Medicine, , South China Agricultural University, ; Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-1503
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2903
                DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02903-z
                PMC ID: 8161609
                PubMed ID: 34049549
                SO-VID: 0bb608b6-a8ab-4d5e-9719-9cac27a16e1c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 7 December 2020
                Date accepted : 17 May 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development Project
                Award ID: 2017YFD0500800
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 32002320
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003453, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province;
                Award ID: 2020A1515010116
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China
                Award ID: A2020083
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: avian influenza viruses,h5n6,hpaiv,east asian-australasian flyway
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: avian influenza viruses, h5n6, hpaiv, east asian-australasian flyway

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