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      Normal range of facial asymmetry in spherical coordinates: a CBCT study

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          This study aimed to measure the bilateral differences of facial lines in spherical coordinates from faces within a normal range of asymmetry utilizing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

          Materials and Methods

          CBCT scans from 22 females with normal symmetric-looking faces (mean age 24 years and 8 months) were selected for the study. The average menton deviation was 1.01±0.66 mm. The spherical coordinates, length, and midsagittal and coronal inclination angles of the ramal and mandibular lines were calculated from CBCT. The bilateral differences in the facial lines were determined.

          Results

          All of the study subjects had minimal bilateral differences of facial lines. The normal range of facial asymmetry of the ramal and mandibular lines was obtained in spherical coordinates.

          Conclusion

          The normal range of facial asymmetry in the spherical coordinate system in this study should be useful as a reference for diagnosing facial asymmetry.

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          Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal Class III deformity.

          S Haraguchi, Chadwick Yasuda, Kenji Takada (2002)
          We investigated the frequency, site, amount, and direction of facial asymmetry in human adults with mandibular prognathism and examined if these characteristics were associated postnatally with cardinal clinical signs that may indicate a predisposition to facial asymmetry. Two hundred twenty young Japanese adults (69 men and 151 women) who exhibited skeletal Class III malocclusions were selected. The sample was divided into a Postnatal Factor Group and a Nonpostnatal Factor Group. The former group included those who had: (1) received orthodontic treatment using a chin cap; (2) exhibited clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder; (3) reported a history of maxillofacial trauma; or (4) radiographic abnormality of the condyles. Subjects with a deviation of more than 2 mm from the facial midline associated with any of the 4 landmarks (ANS, U1, L1 and Me) were classified as asymmetric and the asymmetry was measured on a postero-anterior (P-A) cephalogram. Radiographic facial asymmetry was found frequently (70%-85%, for Menton), and most obviously in the lower jaw (P < .05). Lateral displacement toward the left side of the face occurred more often than right-sided deviation (P < .001, for Menton). However, the Postnatal Factor Group showed a higher proportion of subjects with lateral deviation toward the right side (P = .0031) and a greater amount (P < .0001) of chin deviation. This was due to the fact that the subjects having TMJ problems as a postnatal factor showed no directional uniqueness in jaw deviation and exhibited a longer distance of deviation.
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            Maxillofacial 3-dimensional image analysis for the diagnosis of facial asymmetry.

            Ned H C Hwang, Hyeon June Hwang, Moon Cheol Kang … (2006)
            The advent of computed tomography has greatly reduced magnification errors from geometric distortions that are common in conventional radiographs. Recently introduced 3-dimensional (3D) software enables 3D reconstruction and quantitative measurement of the maxillofacial complex; 3D images are also useful in understanding asymmetrical structures. This article describes the use of 3D images in the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. A step-by-step procedure for 3D analysis developed by the authors is described by using the example of a 23-year-old man with a chin deviation to 1 side.
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              Anthropometry of the head and face

              LG Farkas, L Farkas, L. Farkas … (1994)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Imaging Sci Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Imaging Sci Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ISD
                Title: Imaging Science in Dentistry
                Publisher: Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
                ISSN (Print): 2233-7822
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-7830
                Publication date (Print): March 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 March 2013
                Volume: 43
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 31-36
                Affiliations
                Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
                [* ]Research Laboratory Specialist Intermediate, Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
                [** ]Department of Dental Hygiene, Honam University, Gwangju, Korea.
                [*** ]Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Prof. Suk-Ja Yoon. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Bukgu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. Tel) 82-62-530-5680, Fax) 82-62-530-5689, yoonfr@ 123456chonnam.ac.kr
                Article
                DOI: 10.5624/isd.2013.43.1.31
                PMC ID: 3604368
                PubMed ID: 23525239
                SO-VID: 0bf5a1cc-bf48-4388-b2c0-999f79ecd023
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 by Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2012
                Date revision received : 26 November 2012
                Date accepted : 29 November 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: cone-beam computed tomography,imaging, three-dimensional,facial asymmetry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: cone-beam computed tomography, imaging, three-dimensional, facial asymmetry

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