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      Framework for developing a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan

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          Abstract

          Background

          Emergency and essential surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia (SOA) care are now recognized components of universal health coverage, necessary for a functional health system. To improve surgical care at a national level, strategic planning addressing the six domains of a surgical system is needed. This paper details a process for development of a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan (NSOAP) based on the experiences of frontline providers, Ministry of Health officials, WHO leaders, and consultants.

          Methods

          Development of a NSOAP involves eight key steps: Ministry support and ownership; situation analysis and baseline assessments; stakeholder engagement and priority setting; drafting and validation; monitoring and evaluation; costing; governance; and implementation. Drafting a NSOAP involves defining the current gaps in care, synthesizing and prioritizing solutions, and providing an implementation and monitoring plan with a projected cost for the six domains of a surgical system: infrastructure, service delivery, workforce, information management, finance and governance.

          Results

          To date, four countries have completed NSOAPs and 23 more have committed to development. Lessons learned from these previous NSOAP processes are described in detail.

          Conclusion

          There is global movement to address the burden of surgical disease, improving quality and access to SOA care. The development of a strategic plan to address gaps across the SOA system systematically is a critical first step to ensuring countrywide scale‐up of surgical system‐strengthening activities.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes

          En la actualidad, se reconoce que la atención quirúrgica, obstétrica y anestésica urgente y esencial ( surgical, obstetric, and anaesthesia, SOA) es uno de los componentes de la cobertura sanitaria universal y un elemento necesario para el funcionamiento de un sistema de salud. Para mejorar la atención quirúrgica a nivel nacional, se necesita una planificación estratégica que aborde los seis dominios de un sistema quirúrgico. En este artículo, se detalla el proceso para el desarrollo de un plan nacional de cirugía, obstetricia y anestesia ( national surgical, obstetric, and anaesthesia plan, NSOAP) basado en las experiencias de los principales proveedores, los funcionarios del Ministerio de Salud, los líderes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y consultores.

          Métodos

          El desarrollo de un NSOAP incluye ocho pasos clave: (1) apoyo y dependencia del ministerio, (2) análisis de la situación y evaluaciones de referencia, (3) compromiso de los agentes implicados y establecimiento de prioridades, (4) redacción y validación, (5) seguimiento y evaluación, (6) análisis de costes, (7) gobernanza y (8) implementación. Redactar un NSOAP implica definir los déficits actuales en la atención, sintetizar y priorizar soluciones, y proporcionar un plan de implementación y seguimiento con unos costes proyectados para los seis dominios de un sistema quirúrgico: infraestructura, prestación de servicios, personal, gestión de la información, finanzas y gobernanza.

          Resultados

          Hasta la fecha, cuatro países han completado un NSOAP y 23 más se han comprometido con su desarrollo. Las lecciones aprendidas de estos procesos previos de NSOAP se describen con detalle.

          Conclusiones

          Existe un movimiento global para abordar la carga de las enfermedades que precisan cirugía, mejorar la calidad y el acceso a la atención SOA. El desarrollo de un plan estratégico para la aproximación sistemáticamente los déficits en todo el sistema SOA es un primer paso crítico para garantizar la ampliación a nivel nacional de las actividades de fortalecimiento del sistema quirúrgico.

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          Most cited references15

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          Stakeholder analysis: a review.

          R. Brugha (2000)
          The growing popularity of stakeholder analysis reflects an increasing recognition of how the characteristics of stakeholders--individuals, groups and organizations--influence decision-making processes. This paper reviews the origins and uses of stakeholder analysis, as described in the policy, health care management and development literature. Its roots are in the political and policy sciences, and in management theory where it has evolved into a systematic tool with clearly defined steps and applications for scanning the current and future organizational environment. Stakeholder analysis can be used to generate knowledge about the relevant actors so as to understand their behaviour, intentions, interrelations, agendas, interests, and the influence or resources they have brought--or could bring--to bear on decision-making processes. This information can then be used to develop strategies for managing these stakeholders, to facilitate the implementation of specific decisions or organizational objectives, or to understand the policy context and assess the feasibility of future policy directions. Policy development is a complex process which frequently takes place in an unstable and rapidly changing context, subject to unpredictable internal and external factors. As a cross-sectional view of an evolving picture, the utility of stakeholder analysis for predicting and managing the future is time-limited and it should be complemented by other policy analysis approaches.
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            The role of the champion in primary care change efforts: from the State Networks of Colorado Ambulatory Practices and Partners (SNOCAP).

            Change champions are important for moving new innovations through the phases of initiation, development, and implementation. Although research attributes positive health care changes to the help of champions, little work provides details about the champion role. Using a combination of immersion/crystallization and matrix techniques, we analyzed qualitative data, which included field notes of team meetings, interviews, and transcripts of facilitator meetings, from a sample of 8 practices. Our analysis yielded insights into the value of having 2 discrete types of change champions: (1) those associated with a specific project (project champions) and (2) those leading change for entire organizations (organizational change champions). Relative to other practices under study, those that had both types of champions who complemented each other were best able to implement and sustain diabetes care processes. We provide insights into the emergence and development of these champion types, as well as key qualities necessary for effective championing. Practice transformation requires a sustained improvement effort that is guided by a larger vision and commitment and assures that individual changes fit together into a meaningful whole. Change champions--both project and organizational change champions--are critical players in supporting both innovation-specific and transformative change efforts.
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              Health care priority setting: principles, practice and challenges

              Background Health organizations the world over are required to set priorities and allocate resources within the constraint of limited funding. However, decision makers may not be well equipped to make explicit rationing decisions and as such often rely on historical or political resource allocation processes. One economic approach to priority setting which has gained momentum in practice over the last three decades is program budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA). Methods This paper presents a detailed step by step guide for carrying out a priority setting process based on the PBMA framework. This guide is based on the authors' experience in using this approach primarily in the UK and Canada, but as well draws on a growing literature of PBMA studies in various countries. Results At the core of the PBMA approach is an advisory panel charged with making recommendations for resource re-allocation. The process can be supported by a range of 'hard' and 'soft' evidence, and requires that decision making criteria are defined and weighted in an explicit manner. Evaluating the process of PBMA using an ethical framework, and noting important challenges to such activity including that of organizational behavior, are shown to be important aspects of developing a comprehensive approach to priority setting in health care. Conclusion Although not without challenges, international experience with PBMA over the last three decades would indicate that this approach has the potential to make substantial improvement on commonly relied upon historical and political decision making processes. In setting out a step by step guide for PBMA, as is done in this paper, implementation by decision makers should be facilitated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ksonderman@bwh.harvard.edu
                Journal
                BJS Open
                BJS Open
                10.1002/(ISSN)2474-9842
                BJS5
                BJS Open
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                2474-9842
                24 July 2019
                October 2019
                : 3
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1002/bjs5.v3.5 )
                : 722-732
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [ 2 ] Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [ 5 ] Zambian Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
                [ 6 ] School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [ 7 ] King Faisal Hospital/Oshen, Rwanda Surgical Society, Kigali, Rwanda
                [ 8 ] Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
                [ 9 ] Emergency and Essential Surgical Care Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Dr K. A. Sonderman, Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA (e‐mail: ksonderman@ 123456bwh.harvard.edu )
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-1793
                Article
                BJS550190
                10.1002/bjs5.50190
                6773655
                31592517
                0c0651f2-00fb-4bb6-99e8-06d044e75adf
                © 2019 The Authors. BJS Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJS Society Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 December 2018
                : 09 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 11, Words: 5597
                Categories
                General
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                bjs550190
                October 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.9 mode:remove_FC converted:01.10.2019

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