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      Description of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from southeastern China based on molecular and morphological data

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The diversity of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys has been revealed to be extremely underestimated from southeastern China. Herpetological surveys coupled with extensive sampling in a longitudinal mountain belt located in southeastern China resulted in the discoveries of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys . Furthermore, the new discoveries support the findings of “micro-endemism”, “sympatric phenomenon” and “sympatric but distant phylogenetically” which appear to be common among Panophrys species, and also indicates that the Asian horned toads would be good candidates for studies on speciation and biogeography, and additionally emphasizes the conservation difficulties of these toads.

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          The ClustalX windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools

           J.D. THOMPSON,  T.J. GIBSON,  F. PLEWNIAK … (1997)
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            FINE SCALE ENDEMISM ON CORAL REEFS: ARCHIPELAGIC DIFFERENTIATION IN TURBINID GASTROPODS

             Christopher Meyer,  Jonathan Geller,  Gustav Paulay (2005)
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              A novel multilocus phylogenetic estimation reveals unrecognized diversity in Asian horned toads, genus Megophrys sensu lato (Anura: Megophryidae).

               Wei-Wei Zhou,  Nikolay A. Poyarkov,  Bryan L. Stuart … (2017)
              The horned toad assemblage, genus Megophrys sensu lato, currently includes three groups previously recognized as the genera Atympanophrys, Xenophrys and Megophrys sensu stricto. The taxonomic status and species composition of the three groups remain controversial due to conflicting phenotypic analyses and insufficient phylogenetic reconstruction; likewise, the position of the monotypic Borneophrys remains uncertain with respect to the horned toads. Further, the diversity of the horned toads remains poorly understood, especially for widespread species. Herein, we evaluate species-level diversity based on 45 of the 57 described species from throughout southern China, Southeast Asia and the Himalayas using Bayesian inference trees and the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) approach. We estimate the phylogeny using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data. Analyses reveal statistically significant mito-nuclear discordance. All analyses resolve paraphyly for horned toads involving multiple strongly supported clades. These clades correspond with geography. We resurrect the genera Atympanophrys and Xenophrys from the synonymy of Megophrys to eliminate paraphyly of Megophrys s.l. and to account for the morphological, molecular and biogeographic differences among these groups, but we also provide an alternative option. Our study suggests that Borneophrys is junior synonym of Megophrys sensu stricto. We provide an estimation of timeframe for the horned toads. The mitochondrial and nuclear trees indicate the presence of many putative undescribed species. Widespread species, such as Xenophrys major and X. minor, likely have dramatically underestimated diversity. The integration of morphological and molecular evidence can validate this discovery. Montane forest dynamics appear to play a significant role in driving diversification of horned toads.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ying-Yong Wang
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048d35-bb1d-5ce8-9668-537e44bd4c7e
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 June 2019
                Volume: 851
                Pages: 113-164
                Affiliations
                [1 ] State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol / The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
                [2 ] Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Longnan County, Jiangxi 341700, China Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve Jiangxi China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Yingyong Wang ( wangyy@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn )

                Academic editor: J. Penner

                Article
                Publisher ID: 29107 Other ID: urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:d8236603-c0b6-5038-89ae-bd414b086113 Other ID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F0AB358B-811E-42EE-B25A-5CF24658E6CA
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.851.29107
                PMC ID: 6557908
                Copyright statement: Jian Wang, Zhi-Tong Lyu, Zu-Yao Liu, Cheng-Kai Liao, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jian Zhao, Yu-Long Li, Ying-Yong Wang
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                Product
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Anura
                Subject: Megophryidae
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Asia

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology

                Keywords: conservation, megophrys , southeastern china, species diversity, subgenus panophrys, speciation, biogeography, animalia, anura, megophryidae

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