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      Enfermedad peroxisomal, condrodisplasia rizomelica punctata tipo 1: reporte de caso Translated title: Peroxisomal disorder, rhizomelyc chondrodysplasia punctata type 1: case report

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Las enfermedades peroxisomales son un grupo de trastornos monogénicos que incluyen desórdenes en la biogénesis del peroxisoma o deficiencias enzimáticas. La Condrodisplasia Rizomélica Punctata Tipo 1 (RCDP1) pertenece al primer grupo, es autosómica recesiva originada por mutaciones del gen PEX7, que codifica para el receptor PTS2. El objetivo del presente artículo son describir una enfermedad genética de baja prevalencia, explicando sus principales características y la importancia de la aproximación diagnóstica y asesoría genética. Caso clínico: Lactante masculino de 13 meses, sin antecedentes familiares ni consanguinidad. Al nacimiento presentaba acortamiento de miembros superiores. Fue intervenido a los 7 meses por catarata bilateral. Presentaba severo retardo del crecimiento, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, anomalías menores craneofaciales, acortamiento rizomélico de miembros superiores y en menor grado de miembros inferiores. En la radiografía se identificaban calcificaciones punteadas del cartílago en rótula. Entre los exámenes de laboratorio destacaba elevación de los ácidos grasos fitánico y pristánico. El paciente falleció a la edad de 3 años. Discusión: Esta es una enfermedad rara, la prevalencia es 1/100.000, se han descrito diferentes mutaciones del gen PEX7 teniendo variación en el fenotipo. El tratamiento es básicamente sintomático y depende de la gravedad de las manifestaciones clínicas, el tipo rizomélico es de mal pronóstico, la mayoría de los pacientes no sobrevive antes de la primera década de vida. La asesoría genética es fundamental ya que se considera un riesgo del 25% de recurrencia.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Peroxisomal diseases are a group of monogenic disorders that include defects in peroxisome biogenesis or enzyme dificiencies. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) belongs to the first group, caused by autosomal recessive mutations on PEX7 gene, encoding for PTS2 receptor. The aims of this report are to describe a genetic disease of low prevalence, explaining its main characteristics and the importance of the diagnostic approach and genetic counseling. Case report: 13-month-old male infant with no medical history, family or consanguinity, demonstrate at birth upper limbs shortening. Surgery intervention at seven months old for bilateral cataract. Growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, minor craniofacial anomalies, rhyzomelic shortened upper limbs and lower limbs lesser degree. Punctata calcifications in patella cartilage. Also fatty acid phytanic and pristanic increased levels. Patient dead at age of 3 years. Discussion: RCDP1 is a rare disease, with a prevalence of 1/100,000. Different mutations of PEX7 gene have been described, with variations in phenotype. The treatment is basically symptomatic and depends on the severity of clinical manifestations. The rhizomelic type has poor prognosis, most patients do not survive before the first decade of live. Genetic counseling is essential because it is consider a 25% risk of recurrence.

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          Most cited references18

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          Peroxisomal disorders I: biochemistry and genetics of peroxisome biogenesis disorders.

          The peroxisomal disorders represent a group of genetic diseases in humans in which there is an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. The peroxisomal disorders are usually subdivided into two subgroups including (i) the peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) and (ii) the single peroxisomal (enzyme-) protein deficiencies. The PBD group is comprised of four different disorders including Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), infantile Refsum's disease (IRD), and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). ZS, NALD, and IRD are clearly distinct from RCDP and are usually referred to as the Zellweger spectrum with ZS being the most severe and NALD and IRD the less severe disorders. Studies in the late 1980s had already shown that the PBD group is genetically heterogeneous with at least 12 distinct genetic groups as concluded from complementation studies. Thanks to the much improved knowledge about peroxisome biogenesis notably in yeasts and the successful extrapolation of this knowledge to humans, the genes responsible for all these complementation groups have been identified making molecular diagnosis of PBD patients feasible now. It is the purpose of this review to describe the current stage of knowledge about the clinical, biochemical, cellular, and molecular aspects of PBDs, and to provide guidelines for the post- and prenatal diagnosis of PBDs. Less progress has been made with respect to the pathophysiology and therapy of PBDs. The increasing availability of mouse models for these disorders is a major step forward in this respect.
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            Identification of PEX7 as the second gene involved in Refsum disease.

            Patients affected with Refsum disease (RD) have elevated levels of phytanic acid due to a deficiency of the peroxisomal enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH). In most patients with RD, disease-causing mutations in the PHYH gene have been identified, but, in a subset, no mutations could be found, indicating that the condition is genetically heterogeneous. Linkage analysis of a few patients diagnosed with RD, but without mutations in PHYH, suggested a second locus on chromosome 6q22-24. This region includes the PEX7 gene, which codes for the peroxin 7 receptor protein required for peroxisomal import of proteins containing a peroxisomal targeting signal type 2. Mutations in PEX7 normally cause rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1, a severe peroxisomal disorder. Biochemical analyses of the patients with RD revealed defects not only in phytanic acid alpha-oxidation but also in plasmalogen synthesis and peroxisomal thiolase. Furthermore, we identified mutations in the PEX7 gene. Our data show that mutations in the PEX7 gene may result in a broad clinical spectrum ranging from severe rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata to relatively mild RD and that clinical diagnosis of conditions involving retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and polyneuropathy may require a full screen of peroxisomal functions.
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              Phytanic acid--an overlooked bioactive fatty acid in dairy fat?

              Phytanic acid is a multibranched fatty acid with reported retinoid X receptor (RXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) agonist activity, which have been suggested to have preventive effects on metabolic dysfunctions. Serum level in man is strongly correlated to the intake of red meat and dairy products and the concentration in these products is strongly correlated to the chlorophyll content in the feed of the cattle. Available data suggest that phytanic acid is a natural agonist for RXR at physiological concentrations, while it is more likely that it is the metabolite pristanic acid, rather than phytanic acid itself, that acts as PPAR-alpha agonist. Animal studies show increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, after intake of phytol, the metabolic precursor of phytanic acid, but it is at present not possible to deduce whether phytanic acid is useful in the prevention of ectopic lipid deposition. Phytanic acid is an efficient inducer of the expression of uncoupler protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is expressed in human skeletal muscles, were it might be important for the total energy balance. Therefore, phytanic acid may be able to stimulate energy dissipation in skeletal muscles. Phytanic acid levels in serum are associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, but the available data do not support a general causal link between circulating phytanic acid and prostate cancer risk. However, certain individuals, with specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene for the enzyme alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, might be susceptible to raised phytanic acid levels.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcp
                Revista chilena de pediatría
                Rev. chil. pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (Santiago, , Chile )
                0370-4106
                2017
                : 88
                : 4
                : 511-516
                Affiliations
                [02] Bucaramanga orgnameClínica Materno Infantil San Luis Colombia
                [03] Bucaramanga orgnameUniversidad Industrial de Santander orgdiv1Facultad de Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Colombia
                [01] Bucaramanga orgnameUniversidad Industrial de Santander orgdiv1Facultad de Salud Colombia
                Article
                S0370-41062017000400011
                0c0e0268-8ee5-48d4-81d9-e381f0871134

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 June 2016
                : 19 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Chondrodysplasia punctate,peroxisomal disorders,PEX7 gene,osteochondrodysplasia Introducción,Condrodisplasia punctata,enfermedades peroxisomales,gen PEX7,osteocondrodisplasia

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