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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Improved in vitro and in vivo Anti- Candida albicans Activity of Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oil by Its Incorporation into a Microemulsion System

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic fungal infection that adversely affects a woman’s health, due to unpleasant symptoms, therapeutic challenges, and the emergence of resistant strains. The association of natural products and nanotechnology is important to improve the antifungal potential of medicinal plants. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti- Candida albicans activity of unloaded (EO) and loaded (ME+EO) essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus in the microemulsion (ME).

          Methods

          The chemical analysis of the EO was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ME and ME+EO were characterized by scattering, zeta potential, polarized light microscopy, rheological assays, mucoadhesiveness and transmission electronic microscopy. The in vitro antifungal activity of the EO and ME+EO were evaluated by microdilution technique. The toxicity of EO and ME+EO was analyzed on human cell line HaCat and using alternative model assay with Artemia salina. The experimental in vivo VVC was performed in female mice (C57BL/6).

          Results

          The main compounds of the EO were found to be citronellal, geranial, geraniol, citronellol, and neral. The formulations exhibited suitable size, homogeneity, negative charge, isotropic behavior, highly organized structure, and pseudoplastic behavior, for vaginal application. TEM photomicrographs showed possible EO droplets inside the spherical structures. The EO, when loaded into the ME, exhibited an improvement in its antifungal action against C. albicans. The EO was not toxic against brine shrimp nauplii. An in vivo VVC assay showed that the use of the ME significantly improved the action of the EO, since only the ME+EO promoted the eradication of the fungal vaginal infection on the third day of treatment.

          Conclusion

          The EO and ME+EO are promising alternatives for the control of fungal infections caused by C. albicans, once the use of nanotechnology significantly improved the antifungal action of the EO, especially in an in vivo model of VVC.

          Most cited references75

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          Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review

          Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is a debilitating, long-term condition that can severely affect the quality of life of affected women. No estimates of the global prevalence or lifetime incidence of this disease have been reported. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for population-based studies published between 1985 and 2016 that reported on the prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, defined as four or more episodes of the infection every year. We identified 489 unique articles, of which eight were included, consisting of 17 365 patients from 11 countries. We generated estimates of annual global prevalence, estimated lifetime incidence and economic loss due to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, and predicted the number of women at risk to 2030. Worldwide, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis affects about 138 million women annually (range 103-172 million), with a global annual prevalence of 3871 per 100 000 women; 372 million women are affected by recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis over their lifetime. The 25-34 year age group has the highest prevalence (9%). By 2030, the population of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis each year is estimated to increase to almost 158 million, resulting in 20 240 664 extra cases with current trends using base case estimates in parallel with an estimated growth in females from 3·34 billion to 4·181 billion. In high-income countries, the economic burden from lost productivity could be up to US$14·39 billion annually. The high prevalence, substantial morbidity, and economic losses of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis require better solutions and improved quality of care for affected women.
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            A GENERALIZATION OF THE RETENTION INDEX SYSTEM INCLUDING LINEAR TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED GAS-LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY.

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              Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nanomedicine
                Int J Nanomedicine
                ijn
                intjnano
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Dove
                1176-9114
                1178-2013
                29 December 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10481-10497
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Genetics and Morphology, University of Brasília (UnB), Institute of Biological Sciences , Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
                [3 ]School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
                [4 ]School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
                [5 ]São Paulo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFSP) , São Paulo, Brazil
                [6 ]Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Department of Infectious Diseases , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Taís Maria Bauab School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Campus Araraquara, São Paulo14800-903, BrazilTel +55-16-3301-6955Fax +55-16-3322-0073 Email tais.bauab@unesp.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-0150
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9617-9858
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-0840
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-4891
                Article
                275258
                10.2147/IJN.S275258
                7778679
                0c13da13-da0c-4277-81fa-eaf424e25b22
                © 2020 Gaspar de Toledo et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 04 August 2020
                : 01 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 18, References: 77, Pages: 17
                Categories
                Original Research

                Molecular medicine
                nanostructured lipid system,citronella,vulvovaginal candidiasis,therapeutic treatment

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