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      Fabrication of Multi-Layered Lidocaine and Epinephrine-Eluting PLGA/Collagen Nanofibers: In Vitro and In Vivo Study

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          Abstract

          This study developed multi-layered lidocaine- and epinephrine-eluting biodegradable poly[( d,l)-lactide- co-glyco lide] (PLGA)/collagen nanofibers. An electrospinning technique was employed to fabricate the multi-layer biodegradable drug-eluting nanofibers. After fabrication, the nanofibrous membranes were characterized. The drug release characteristics were also investigated. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of nanofibers for pain relief and hemostasis in palatal oral wounds of rabbits were evaluated. Histological examinations were also completed. The experimental results suggested that all nanofibers exhibited good biocompatibility and eluted effective levels of lidocaine and epinephrine at the initial stages of wound recovery.

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          Most cited references33

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          An Overview of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA)-Based Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

          Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) has attracted considerable interest as a base material for biomedical applications due to its: (i) biocompatibility; (ii) tailored biodegradation rate (depending on the molecular weight and copolymer ratio); (iii) approval for clinical use in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); (iv) potential to modify surface properties to provide better interaction with biological materials; and (v) suitability for export to countries and cultures where implantation of animal-derived products is unpopular. This paper critically reviews the scientific challenge of manufacturing PLGA-based materials with suitable properties and shapes for specific biomedical applications, with special emphasis on bone tissue engineering. The analysis of the state of the art in the field reveals the presence of current innovative techniques for scaffolds and material manufacturing that are currently opening the way to prepare biomimetic PLGA substrates able to modulate cell interaction for improved substitution, restoration, or enhancement of bone tissue function.
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            Cell electrospinning: a unique biotechnique for encapsulating living organisms for generating active biological microthreads/scaffolds.

            Jet-based technologies are increasingly being explored as potential high-throughput and high-resolution methods for the manipulation of biological materials. Previously shown to be of use in generating scaffolds from biocompatible materials, we were interested to explore the possibility of using electrospinning technology for the generation of scaffolds comprised of living cells. For this, it was necessary to identify appropriate parameters under which viable threads containing living cells could be produced. Here, we describe a method of electrospinning that can be used to deposit active biological threads and scaffolds. This has been achieved by use of a coaxial needle arrangement where a concentrated living biosuspension flows through the inner needle and a medical-grade poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) medium with high viscosity (12,500 mPa s) and low electrical conductivity (10-15 S m-1) flows through the outer needle. Using this technique, we have identified the operational conditions under which the finest cell-bearing composite microthreads are formed. Collected cells that have been cultured, postelectrospinning, have been viable and show no evidence of having incurred any cellular damage during the bionanofabrication process. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using coaxial electrospinning technology for biological and biomedical applications requiring the deposition of living cells as composite microthreads for forming active biological scaffolds.
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              Postoperative complications following gingival augmentation procedures.

              Postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding are the most common complications following soft tissue grafting procedures; however, detailed documentation is sparse in the literature. The aims of this prospective study were as follows: 1) to compare the frequency of complication occurrence after free soft tissue grafting (FSTG) or subepithelial connective tissue grafting (SCTG) procedures; 2) to evaluate the use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as the donor tissue alternative to an FSTG or SCTG; and 3) to identify possible predictors for these complications. Seventy-five FSTG and 256 SCTG procedures were performed in 228 patients by a single operator. In five free soft tissue and 84 bilaminar graft procedures, an ADM was used instead of autogenous tissue. Variables such as the duration and location of procedures, smoking history, gender, and age were recorded. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire 1 week after the surgeries regarding postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding. Data were analyzed using the chi2 test and logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios were calculated for moderate and severe adverse outcomes grouped together. The duration of surgical procedures was highly correlated with pain or swelling post-surgically (P = 0.001). Current smokers were three times more likely to experience post-surgical swelling (P = 0.01). Patients who underwent FSTG procedures were three times more likely to develop post-surgical pain (P = 0.002) or bleeding (P = 0.03) compared to those who received SCTG procedures. When an ADM was applied instead of autogenous tissue, the probability of swelling or bleeding was significantly reduced (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46, P = 0.02 and OR = 0.3, P = 0.001, respectively). Long surgical procedures and smoking may increase the severity and frequency of certain post-surgical complications after gingival augmentation procedures. FSTG procedures incur a higher likelihood for postoperative pain or bleeding than SCTG procedures, whereas the application of an ADM may significantly reduce the probability of swelling and bleeding.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Polymers (Basel)
                Polymers (Basel)
                polymers
                Polymers
                MDPI
                2073-4360
                05 September 2017
                September 2017
                : 9
                : 9
                : 416
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Periodontics, Division of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan; fuying20@ 123456hotmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; dmlee@ 123456mail.cgu.edu.tw (D.L.); joy820629@ 123456gmail.com (T.-C.L.); harobinca@ 123456hotmail.com (K.-C.L.)
                [3 ]Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; jkc508@ 123456mail.cgu.edu.tw
                [4 ]Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan; renchin.wu@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: shihjung@ 123456mail.cgu.edu.tw ; Tel.: +886-3-2118166; Fax: +886-3-2118558
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-4865
                Article
                polymers-09-00416
                10.3390/polym9090416
                6418943
                0c1fe8c0-8fd9-4f25-8731-8d014e3d2a35
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 09 August 2017
                : 03 September 2017
                Categories
                Article

                biodegradable nanofibers,plga,collagen,epinephrine,lidocaine

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