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      Classements accommodants. Façonner des listes pour gérer les molécules problématiques

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      Natures Sciences Sociétés
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          Abstract

          Les inventaires et les listes sont un outil de gouvernement extrêmement répandu, mais dont les enjeux et les processus d’élaboration sont globalement méconnus. Ces artéfacts en apparence neutres et apolitiques, souvent décrits comme des « choses ennuyeuses », constituent en réalité des entrées particulièrement riches pour analyser les rapports de force dans la mise en œuvre de politiques sanitaires et environnementales. Nous nous intéressons ici à deux systèmes de classement : la liste des « substances soumises à autorisation » créée dans le cadre du règlement européen REACH, qui regroupe des substances toxiques destinées à être retirées du marché, et la catégorisation des antibiotiques vétérinaires de l’Agence européenne des médicaments, qui vise à préserver des molécules indispensables en médecine humaine. Des dispositions dérogatoires, des non-dits et des angles morts permettent à ces listes d’afficher un objectif de changement tout en ménageant les activités des industries et des professionnels de ces secteurs. Ce faisant, elles font preuve d’une certaine souplesse : elles soulignent l’urgence d’agir en régulant certains usages problématiques mais évitent de prononcer des interdictions fermes.

          Abstract

          Inventories and lists are an extremely common tool of government, but their stakes and the processes of their development are usually overlooked. These seemingly neutral and apolitical artifacts, often described as ‘boring things’, are in fact particularly rich gateways for analyzing the power relations at work in the implementation of health and environmental policies. Here we focus on two classification systems: the list of ‘substances subject to authorization’ created in the context of the European REACH regulation, which includes toxic substances destined to be withdrawn from the market, and the categorization of veterinary antibiotics by the European Medicines Agency, which aims to preserve molecules of critical importance for human medicine. Derogatory provisions, omissions and blind spots allow these lists to profess an objective of change while at the same time preserving the activities of the industries and professionals of these sectors. In doing so, they demonstrate a degree of flexibility: they emphasize the urgency to act by regulating certain problematic uses but avoid pronouncing firm bans.

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          Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.

          Until now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.
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            Institutional Ecology, `Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39

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              Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Natures Sciences Sociétés
                Nat. Sci. Soc.
                EDP Sciences
                1240-1307
                1765-2979
                July 23 2024
                2024
                Article
                10.1051/nss/2024027
                0c28d09f-e0e4-41ac-885c-5e194e9dd933
                © 2024

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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