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      Archaeology of psychotropic substances: The problem of analytical detection of ayahuasca

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Archaeometry
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges involved in detecting ancient ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogenic drink from the Amazon region, which is prepared using Banisteriopsis caapi liana and other plants, by utilizing advanced analytical techniques. The presence of harmine and harmaline in Andean archaeological findings has led certain authors to speculate that the Banisteriopsis liana may have been the source plant responsible for their occurrence. Consequently, the utilization of this liana can be traced back to at least 500 CE. However, a combination of archaeological, ethnobotanical, biochemical and analytical chemistry considerations has rendered uncertain the true origins of the presence of harmine and harmaline in ancient mummies and artifacts. Thus, the archaeological evidence does not convincingly prove the ancient usage of ayahuasca.

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          Most cited references63

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          Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS/MS.

          In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique for the quantitative determination of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids. However, the common and early perception that utilization of HPLC-MS/MS practically guarantees selectivity is being challenged by a number of reported examples of lack of selectivity due to ion suppression or enhancement caused by the sample matrix and interferences from metabolites. In light of these serious method liabilities, questions about how to develop and validate reliable HPLC-MS/MS methods, especially for supporting long-term human pharmacokinetic studies, are being raised. The central issue is what experiments, in addition to the validation data usually provided for the conventional bioanalytical methods, need to be conducted to confirm HPLC-MS/MS assay selectivity and reliability. The current regulatory requirements include the need for the assessment and elimination of the matrix effect in the bioanalytical methods, but the experimental procedures necessary to assess the matrix effect are not detailed. Practical, experimental approaches for studying, identifying, and eliminating the effect of matrix on the results of quantitative analyses by HPLC-MS/MS are described in this paper. Using as an example a set of validation experiments performed for one of our investigational new drug candidates, the concepts of the quantitative assessment of the "absolute" versus "relative" matrix effect are introduced. In addition, experiments for the determination of, the "true" recovery of analytes using HPLC-MS/MS are described eliminating the uncertainty about the effect of matrix on the determination of this commonly measured method parameter. Determination of the matrix effect allows the assessment of the reliability and selectivity of an existing HPLC-MS/MS method. If the results of these studies are not satisfactory, the parameters determined may provide a guide to what changes in the method need to be made to improve assay selectivity. In addition, a direct comparison of the extent of the matrix effect using two different interfaces (a heated nebulizer, HN, and ion spray, ISP) under otherwise the same sample preparation and chromatographic conditions was made. It was demonstrated that, for the investigational drug under study, the matrix effect was clearly observed when ISP interface was utilized but it was absent when the HN interface was employed.
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            The Pictet-Spengler condensation: a new direction for an old reaction

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Archaeometry
                Archaeometry
                Wiley
                0003-813X
                1475-4754
                March 17 2024
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
                [2 ] Laurent Rivier Scientific Consulting Lausanne Switzerland
                [3 ] Ethnobotanist, Independent Researcher Bologna Italy
                [4 ] Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer Palma de Mallorca 07198 Spain
                Article
                10.1111/arcm.12965
                0c2f87a2-6344-4e46-8265-4c28cb8376b0
                © 2024

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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