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      Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors—Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment

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          Abstract

          Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.

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          Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies

          Julita Machlowska, Jacek Baj, Monika Sitarz … (2020)
          Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. GC is a multifactorial disease, where both environmental and genetic factors can have an impact on its occurrence and development. The incidence rate of GC rises progressively with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70 years. However, approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are detected at the age of 45 or younger. Early-onset gastric cancer is a good model to study genetic alterations related to the carcinogenesis process, as young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens. Carcinogenesis is a multistage disease process specified by the progressive development of mutations and epigenetic alterations in the expression of various genes, which are responsible for the occurrence of the disease.
          Article 0 comments Cited 364 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Peptic ulcer disease.

            Angel Lanas, Francis Chan (2017)
            The rapidly declining prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and widespread use of potent anti-secretory drugs means peptic ulcer disease has become substantially less prevalent than it was two decades ago. Management has, however, become more challenging than ever because of the threat of increasing antimicrobial resistance worldwide and widespread use of complex anti-thrombotic therapy in the ageing population. Peptic ulcers not associated with H pylori infection or the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are now also imposing substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This Seminar aims to provide a balanced overview of the latest advances in the pathogenetic mechanisms of peptic ulcers, guidelines on therapies targeting H pylori infection, approaches to treatment of peptic ulcer complications associated with anti-inflammatory analgesics and anti-thrombotic agents, and the unmet needs in terms of our knowledge and management of this increasingly challenging condition.
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              Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens.

              T Borén, P Falk, K A Roth … (1993)
              Helicobacter pylori is associated with development of gastritis, gastric ulcers, and adenocarcinomas in humans. The Lewis(b) (Le(b)) blood group antigen mediates H. pylori attachment to human gastric mucosa. Soluble glycoproteins presenting the Leb antigen or antibodies to the Leb antigen inhibited bacterial binding. Gastric tissue lacking Leb expression did not bind H. pylori. Bacteria did not bind to Leb antigen substituted with a terminal GalNAc alpha 1-3 residue (blood group A determinant), suggesting that the availability of H. pylori receptors might be reduced in individuals of blood group A and B phenotypes, as compared with blood group O individuals.
              Article 0 comments Cited 175 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cells
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cells
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cells
                Title: Cells
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4409
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: January 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 27
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland; ryszard.maciejewski@ 123456umlub.pl
                [2 ]Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; aforma@ 123456onet.pl
                [3 ]Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; mksitarz@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; piero.portincasa@ 123456uniba.it
                [5 ]Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; gabriella.garruti@ 123456uniba.it
                [6 ]Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; dana.krasowska@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jacek.baj@ 123456umlub.pl ; Tel.: +48-662-094-014
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1372-8987
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-7627
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-3142
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-1471
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3015-1120
                Article
                Publisher ID: cells-10-00027
                DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027
                PMC ID: 7824444
                PubMed ID: 33375694
                SO-VID: 0c327147-05fd-4b73-9d25-5dff353da24e
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 November 2020
                Date accepted : 22 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: helicobacter pylori,virulence factor,pathogenicity,urease,caga,vaca,baba,saba,opia,dupa
                Data availability:
                Keywords: helicobacter pylori, virulence factor, pathogenicity, urease, caga, vaca, baba, saba, opia, dupa

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