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      Implications of Antiphospholipid and Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibodies in the Context of Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

      case-report
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Case Reports in Medicine
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          While antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity has been documented in some patients with postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) and is associated with more severe disease, antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are not known to be a common occurrence. We describe a child with severe acute kidney injury who was noted to have prolonged positivity of both ANCA and APA; a renal biopsy showed noncrescentic immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis with subepithelial deposits compatible with PIGN. He recovered without maintenance immunosuppressive therapy and at last follow-up had normal renal function. We discuss the cooccurrence and implications of ANCA and APA in children with PIGN.

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          Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.

          Antonio Guilabert, Josep Font, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (2006)
          Much like other autoantibodies (eg, anti-double stranded DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus or antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies in Goodpasture's syndrome), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have provided doctors with a useful serological test to assist in diagnosis of small-vessel vasculitides, including Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and their localised forms (eg, pauci-immune necrotising and crescentic glomerulonephritis). 85-95% of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and pauci-immune necrotising and crescentic glomerulonephritis have serum ANCA. ANCA directed to either proteinase 3 or myeloperoxidase are clinically relevant, yet the relevance of other ANCA remains unknown. Besides their diagnostic potential, ANCA might be valuable in disease monitoring. In addition, data seem to confirm the long-disputed pathogenic role of these antibodies. Present treatments for ANCA-associated vasculitis are not free from side-effects and as many as 50% of patients relapse within 5 years. Accurate understanding of the key pathogenic points of ANCA-associated vasculitis can undoubtedly provide a more rational therapeutic approach.
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            The significance of autoantibodies against β2-glycoprotein I.

            Philip de Groot, Rolf T. Urbanus (2012)
            The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with a history of thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity, including fetal loss. APS is an autoimmune disease with a confusing name because the pathologic auto-antibodies are shown to be directed against the plasma protein β(2)-glycoprotein I and not against phospholipids. In fact, auto-antibodies that recognize phospholipids themselves are not associated with thrombosis but with infectious diseases. One of the intriguing questions is why autoantibodies against β(2)-glycoprotein I are so commonly found in both patients and the healthy. Several potential mechanisms have been suggested to explain the increased thrombotic risk in patients with these autoantibodies. In this overview, we will summarize our knowledge on the etiology of the autoantibodies, and we will discuss the evidence that identify autoantibodies against β(2)-glycoprotein I as the culprit of APS.
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              Incidence and studies on antigenic specificities of antineutrophil-cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

              L Ardiles, G Valderrama, P Moya … (1996)
              Sera from 210 patients with Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and 14 patients with streptococcal impetigo without glomerular disease were tested for the presence of IgG-ANCA using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) on ethanol fixed normal human neutrophils. In the group of nephritic patients, ANCA were detected by IIF in 9% (18 out of 210 cases) in an atypical diffuse cytoplasmic pattern (a-ANCA) in 14 cases and in a (p-ANCA) perinuclear staining in the remaining 4 cases. Longitudinal studies performed on six IIF positive patients, showed persistence of the phenomenon for up to six months, without relationship with activity of disease. No patient with streptococcal impetigo showed positivity on the IIF assay. Positive sera were analyzed on ELISA plates for their IgG reactivity against specific purified ANCA antigens: Proteinase-3 (PR3), Myeloperoxidase (MPO). Cathepsin-G and Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing Protein (BPI). Anti-MPO antibodies were present in 4 cases (3 a-ANCA and 1 p-ANCA). No reactivity was identified against PR-3, BPI and Catepsin-G in any of the samples. The presence of ANCA was significantly associated with a more severe glomerular disease as assessed by the serum creatinine and the crescents formation. Further studies are required to identify other antigenic specificities of these autoantibodies. Their absence in the streptococcal impetigo control group might suggest that their presence in APSGN could play some pathogenic role in kidney disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Case Rep Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Case Rep Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CRIM
                Title: Case Reports in Medicine
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-9627
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-9635
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 February 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 9896210
                Affiliations
                1Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
                2Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Rolando Cimaz

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-7975
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/9896210
                PMC ID: 5309417
                SO-VID: 0c3375c2-f0e0-44e7-ab7e-fe98ffe44985
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 D. Leifer and L. Butani.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 5 January 2017
                Date accepted : 22 January 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

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