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      Phonology and vocal behavior in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders

      , ,
      Autism Research
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this study is to examine the phonological and other vocal productions of children, 18–36 months, with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to compare these productions to those of age‐matched and language‐matched controls. Speech samples were obtained from 30 toddlers with ASD, 11 age‐matched toddlers and 23 language‐matched toddlers during either parent–child or clinician–child play sessions. Samples were coded for a variety of speech‐like and nonspeech vocalization productions. Toddlers with ASD produced speech‐like vocalizations similar to those of language‐matched peers, but produced significantly more atypical nonspeech vocalizations when compared to both control groups. Toddlers with ASD show speech‐like sound production that is linked to their language level, in a manner similar to that seen in typical development. The main area of difference in vocal development in this population is in the production of atypical vocalizations. Findings suggest that toddlers with ASDs do not tune into the language model of their environment. Failure to attend to the ambient language environment negatively impacts the ability to acquire spoken language. Autism Res 2011,4:177–188. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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          Most cited references54

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          Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)

          (2000)
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            Autism from 2 to 9 years of age.

            Autism represents an unusual pattern of development beginning in the infant and toddler years. To examine the stability of autism spectrum diagnoses made at ages 2 through 9 years and identify features that predicted later diagnosis. Prospective study of diagnostic classifications from standardized instruments including a parent interview (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [ADI-R]), an observational scale (Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule/Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS]), and independent clinical diagnoses made at ages 2 and 9 years compared with a clinical research team's criterion standard diagnoses. Three inception cohorts: consecutive referrals for autism assessment to (1) state-funded community autism centers, (2) a private university autism clinic, and (3) case controls with developmental delay from community clinics. At 2 years of age, 192 autism referrals and 22 developmentally delayed case controls; 172 children seen at 9 years of age. Consensus best-estimate diagnoses at 9 years of age. Percentage agreement between best-estimate diagnoses at 2 and 9 years of age was 67, with a weighted kappa of 0.72. Diagnostic change was primarily accounted for by movement from pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified to autism. Each measure at age 2 years was strongly prognostic for autism at age 9 years, with odds ratios of 6.6 for parent interview, 6.8 for observation, and 12.8 for clinical judgment. Once verbal IQ (P = .001) was taken into account at age 2 years, the ADI-R repetitive domain (P = .02) and the ADOS social (P = .05) and repetitive domains (P = .005) significantly predicted autism at age 9 years. Diagnostic stability at age 9 years was very high for autism at age 2 years and less strong for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Judgment of experienced clinicians, trained on standard instruments, consistently added to information available from parent interview and standardized observation.
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              An Investigation of Language Impairment in Autism: Implications for Genetic Subgroups.

              Autism involves primary impairments in both language and communication, yet in recent years the main focus of research has been on the communicative deficits that define the population. The study reported in this paper investigated language functioning in a group of 89 children diagnosed with autism using the ADI-R, and meeting DSM-IV criteria. The children, who were between 4- and 14- years-old were administered a battery of standardized language tests tapping phonological, lexical, and higher-order language abilities. The main findings were that among the children with autism there was significant heterogeneity in their language skills, although across all the children, articulation skills were spared. Different subgroups of children with autism were identified on the basis on their performance on the language measures. Some children with autism have normal language skills; for other children, their language skills are significantly below age expectations. The profile of performance across the standardized measures for the language-impaired children with autism was similar to the profile that defines the disorder specific language impairment (or SLI). The implications of this language impaired subgroup in autism for understanding the genetics and definition of both autism and SLI are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Autism Research
                Autism Research
                Wiley
                1939-3792
                1939-3806
                June 2011
                February 09 2011
                June 2011
                : 4
                : 3
                : 177-188
                Article
                10.1002/aur.183
                3110574
                21308998
                0c4cfe50-4bb5-4bc4-a022-2f1fb953505a
                © 2011

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