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      Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo de vesicoureteral en pediatría: Experiencia preliminar con la inyección subureteral de coaptite® Translated title: Endoscopic treatment of the vesicoureteralreflux in children: preliminary experience with the subureteral injection of coaptite®

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Analizar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) en pediatría, mediante la inyección subureteral de hidroxiapatita cálcica (Coaptite®). Métodos: La serie incluye trece niños de edades entre los 6 y 13 años. La inyección endoscópica subureteral de Coaptite® se aplicó en 20 unidades ureterales (UU) que presentaban RVU grados I-IV. El RVU fue unilateral en 6 pacientes (46%) y bilateral en 7 (54%). Hubo 7 casos primarios y 6 secundarios a disfunción vesical y duplicidad ureteral. Resultados: El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 19 meses (6-28 meses). Se logró la corrección del RVU tras una inyección endoscópica en 15 casos (75%). Una segunda inyección corrigió el RVU en 2 de otras 4 UU (50%) tratadas, con lo que la cifra global de curaciones ascendió al 85%. Esta tasa de curación se obtuvo tanto en los procedimientos que trataron casos primarios (13), como en las intervenciones por RVU secundario (7). Un 77% de pacientes no presentaron complicaciones, si bien el 23% tuvieron molestias lumbares e hipogástricas autolimitadas al primer día tras el procedimiento. En 2 niños se detectó infección urinaria en el postoperatorio. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico del RVU con Coaptite® es una técnica sencilla y bien tolerada en niños. El 85% de los casos, tanto primarios como secundarios, curaron con mínima morbilidad.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: To review our experience in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with the subureteral injection of calcium hydroxyapatite (Coaptite®). Methods: The serie includes thirteen children whose age ranged between 6 and 13 years. The Coaptite® implant was injected subureterally to 20 ureteral units (UU) affected by VUR grades I-IV. VUR was unilateral in six patients (46%), bilateral in seven (54%). There were 7 primary cases and 6 secondary to bladder dysfunction and duplex systems. Results: Mean follow-up was 19 months (6-28 months). VUR was cured in 75% of cases after a single injection. A second injection resolved 2 out of 4 treated UU (50%) rendering a global success rate of 85%. This cure rate was achieved for 13 and 7 procedures treating primary and secondary VUR, respectively. 77% of patients reported no adverse events with only 23% of them complaining of transient mild lumbar and hypogastric discomfort limited to the .rst postoperative day. In 2 children postoperative urinary infection was detected. Conclusions: Endoscopic subureteral injection with Coaptite® is a simple technique well tolerated in children. In 85% of primary and secondary cases cure was achieved with minimal morbidity.

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          The modified sting procedure to correct vesicoureteral reflux: improved results with submucosal implantation within the intramural ureter.

          With the advent of tissue bulking agents, in particular dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA), for endoscopic implantation for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), there has been a major shift in the surgical paradigm throughout Europe, and more recently, in the United States. We describe a modification of the technique used for implantation that has significantly improved our results. Between October 2001 and October 2003, 285 children 7 months to 15 years old (mean age 4.6 years) underwent endoscopic implantation of Dx/HA for VUR at our institutions. A modified STING (subureteral transurethral injection) procedure (implantation submucosally within the intramural ureter) was introduced during the last year of the study. The average volume of injected material was measured for each ureter. Renal sonography was performed to determine if hydronephrosis was present. At 3 months flouroscopic voiding cystourethrograms were used to evaluate for the presence of VUR. A subset of 122 patients treated with STING (52) were compared to those treated with modified STING (70). A total of 459 ureters in 231 girls and 54 boys were treated (174 bilateral cases). Mean maximum grade per patient was 2.5/5. Mean injected volume was 0.9 cc ureter. There were 181 patients with at least 3 months of followup. After 1 treatment 76% (137 of 181) of cases were cured (grade 0 reflux), while 54% (24 of 44) of the failures were improved. The overall cure rate was 94% for grade I, 85% for grade II, 78% for grade III and 71% for grade IV reflux. The patients treated with STING had a mean age of 4.8 years, mean maximum reflux grade was 2.5 and success rate was 71% (37 of 52; 86% grade I, 89% grade II, 70% grade III and 63% grade IV reflux). The patients treated with a modified STING had a mean age of 5.5 years, mean maximum grade was 2.8 and a success rate was 89% (62 of 70; 100% grade I, 92% grade II, 91% grade III and 90% grade IV reflux). Ureteral success rates were significantly (p <0.01) greater for the modified STING (92%) vs the standard STING (79%). There were no cases of hydronephrosis at 3 months postoperatively. The majority of patients undergoing minimally invasive therapy for VUR with Dx/HA are cured after 1 treatment. The modified STING is our preferred method of implant injection for the correction of VUR and in our hands produces a resolution rate of 89% (92% of ureters). The technique optimizes ureteral coaptation, is easy to perform and is not associated with any significant short-term complications. Persistence of VUR in a minority of patients continues to be the only significant adverse effect of endoscopic implantation.
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            Antibiotics and surgery for vesicoureteric reflux: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

            To evaluate the benefits and harms of treatments for vesicoureteric reflux in children. Meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials using a random effects model. Main outcome measures were incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), new or progressive renal damage, renal growth, hypertension, and glomerular filtration rate. Eight trials involving 859 evaluable children comparing long term antibiotics with surgical correction of reflux (VUR) and antibiotics (seven trials) and antibiotics compared with no treatment (one trial) were identified. Risk of UTI by 1-2 and 5 years was not significantly different between surgical and medical groups (relative risk (RR) by 2 years 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 2.09, RR by 5 years 0.99; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.26). Combined treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in febrile UTI by 5 years (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.70) but no concomitant significant reduction in risk of new or progressive renal damage at 5 years (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29). In one small study no significant differences in risk for UTI or renal damage were found between antibiotic prophylaxis and no treatment. It is uncertain whether the identification and treatment of children with VUR confers clinically important benefit. The additional benefit of surgery over antibiotics alone is small at best. Assuming a UTI rate of 20% for children with VUR on antibiotics for five years, nine reimplantations would be required to prevent one febrile UTI, with no reduction in the number of children developing any UTI or renal damage.
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              Subureteral injection of Deflux for correction of reflux: analysis of factors predicting success.

              To review, prospectively, our experience with endoscopic Deflux injection and evaluate the volume injected, grade, endoscopic appearance after injection, and presence or absence of voiding dysfunction as predictors of success. Subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux) has become an effective treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. A total of 52 patients (50 females and 2 males; 80 ureters) were treated with a single subureteral injection of Deflux. The mean patient age was 7.6 years (range 14 months to 22 years). The presence or absence of voiding dysfunction was evaluated with a preoperative questionnaire and patient history. The volume of Deflux injected in each ureter was recorded. The endoscopic appearance after injection was recorded as "volcano" or "other." Success was defined as no reflux on postoperative voiding cystourethrography. The success rate by grade of reflux in individual ureters was 82%, 84%, 78%, and 73% for grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 vesicoureteral reflux, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in the cure rate by grade (P = 0.76). The overall cure rate by ureter was 80% and by patient was 71%. New contralateral reflux developed in 12.5% of patients. No statistically significant difference was found in the cure rate with respect to the volume injected or the presence or absence of voiding dysfunction. The ureteral cure rate with volcano and alternate morphology was 87% and 53%, respectively (P = 0.004). Mound morphology was the only statistically significant predictor of a successful outcome, with an associated cure rate of 87%. Concomitant voiding dysfunction did not have an adverse effect on the cure rate. In our experience, no statistically significant difference was found in the cure rate for grades 1 through 4 vesicoureteral reflux after a single injection of Deflux.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                urol
                Archivos Españoles de Urología (Ed. impresa)
                Arch. Esp. Urol.
                INIESTARES, S.A. (, , Spain )
                0004-0614
                June 2006
                : 59
                : 5
                : 493-499
                Affiliations
                [03] Alcázar de San Juan Ciudad Real orgnameHospital General La Mancha Centro orgdiv1Servicio de Urología España
                [01] orgnameHospital General de Móstoles orgdiv1Servicio de Urología
                [02] Badalona orgnameHospital Germans Trias i Pujol. orgdiv1Servicio de Urología Barcelona
                Article
                S0004-06142006000500006
                10.4321/s0004-06142006000500006
                0c7e7e13-1a89-486d-a5f3-9671738f7352

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                reflujo vesicoureteral,Inyección endoscópica subureteral,Hidroxiapatita cálcica,Coaptite®,Vesicoureteral reflux,Endoscopic subureteral injection,Calcium hydroxyapatite

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