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      Conservation physiology : A new challenge for thermal biologists

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          Abstract

          Global change presents a huge and exciting challenge to the study of thermal physiology. The implication of thermoregulatory strategies and abilities for the survival of individuals and species, are of high importance for predicting species response to global change challenges and ways to mitigate them, and for conservation acts. A good example of such a study is the paper by Cooper and Withers in this issue. 1

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          Hibernation and daily torpor minimize mammalian extinctions.

          Christopher Turbill, Fritz Geiser (2009)
          Small mammals appear to be less vulnerable to extinction than large species, but the underlying reasons are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that almost all (93.5%) of 61 recently extinct mammal species were homeothermic, maintaining a constant high body temperature and thus energy expenditure, which demands a high intake of food, long foraging times, and thus exposure to predators. In contrast, only 6.5% of extinct mammals were likely heterothermic and employed multi-day torpor (hibernation) or daily torpor, even though torpor is widespread within more than half of all mammalian orders. Torpor is characterized by substantial reductions of body temperature and energy expenditure and enhances survival during adverse conditions by minimizing food and water requirements, and consequently reduces foraging requirements and exposure to predators. Moreover, because life span is generally longer in heterothermic mammals than in related homeotherms, heterotherms can employ a 'sit-and-wait' strategy to withstand adverse periods and then repopulate when circumstances improve. Thus, torpor is a crucial but hitherto unappreciated attribute of small mammals for avoiding extinction. Many opportunistic heterothermic species, because of their plastic energetic requirements, may also stand a better chance of future survival than homeothermic species in the face of greater climatic extremes and changes in environmental conditions caused by global warming.
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            Thermal Ecology, Environments, Communities, and Global Change: Energy Intake and Expenditure in Endotherms

            Tamar Dayan, Noga Kronfeld-Schor (2013)
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              Ecological consequences of temperature regulation: Why might the mountain pygmy possum Burramys parvus need to hibernate near underground streams?

              Chrisitne Cooper, Philip Withers (2014)
              The mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus) is an endangered marsupial restricted to boulder fields in the Australian Alps, where it hibernates under the snow during winter. Understanding its habitat requirements is essential for conservation, so we examine here ecological implications of the thermal consequences of maintaining water balance during the hibernation season. Hibernating mountain pygmy possums arousing to consume water must either drink liquid water or consume snow. If they drink water, then the energy required to warm that water to body temperature (4.18 J g-1 oC−1) increases linearly with mass ingested. If they eat snow, then the energy required melt the snow (latent heat of fusion = 332 J g−1) and then warm it to body temperature is much higher than just drinking. For mountain pygmy possums, these energetic costs are a large proportion (up to 19%) of their average daily metabolic rate during the hibernation period and may dramatically shorten it. If mountain pygmy possums lose water equivalent to 5% of body mass before arousing to rehydrate, then the potential hibernation period is reduced by 30 days for consuming snow compared with 8.6 days for drinking water. The consequences of ingesting snow rather than liquid water are even more severe for juvenile possums. A reduction in the hibernation period can impact on the overwinter survival, a key factor determining demographics and population size. Therefore, habitats with subnivean access to liquid water during winter, such as those with subterranean streams running under boulder fields, may be of particular value.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Temperature (Austin)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Temperature (Austin)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KTMP
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ktmp20
                Title: Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 2332-8940
                ISSN (Electronic): 2332-8959
                Publication date Collection: Jul-Sep 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2014
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 July 2014
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 2 , Special Issue 2 of 2: Thermal Physiology in a Changing Thermal World. Guest Editor: Michal Horowitz, PhD. Guest Associate Editors: Glen Kenny, PhD; Robin M McAllen, PhD; and Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt, PhD
                Pages: 94-95
                Affiliations
                Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv, Israel
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Noga Kronfeld-Schor, Email: nogaks@ 123456tauex.tau.ac.il
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10929812
                DOI: 10.4161/temp.29812
                PMC ID: 4977173
                SO-VID: 0ca81112-9f60-4f96-bed0-5deaa52550af
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Landes Bioscience
                License:

                This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2014
                Date accepted : 02 July 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Editorial Comment

                Keywords: global change,conservation,torpor,hibernation,thermoregulation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: global change, conservation, torpor, hibernation, thermoregulation

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