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      DNA screening of Drosophila suzukii predators in berry field orchards shows new predatory taxonomical groups

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          Abstract

          Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila, SWD) is a pandemic quarantine pest that attacks mostly red fruits. The high number of life cycles per year, its ability to rapidly invade and spread across new habitats, and highly polyphagous nature, makes this a particularly aggressive invasive species, for which efficient control methods are currently lacking. The use of native natural predators is particularly promising to anchor sustainable and efficient measures to control SWD. While several field studies have suggested the presence of potential predatory species in infested orchards, only a few confirmed the presence of SWD DNA in predators’ gut content. Here, we use a DNA-based approach to identify SWD predators among the arthropod diversity in South Europe, by examining the gut content of potential predator specimens collected in SWD-infested berry fields in North Portugal. These specimens were morphologically identified to the family/order, and their gut content was screened for the presence of SWD DNA using PCR. New SWD predatory taxonomical groups were identified, as Opiliones and Hemerobiidae, in addition to known SWD predators, such as Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Miridae, Carabidae, Formicidae and Araneae. Additionally, the presence of a spider family, Uloboridae, in the orchards was recorded for the first time, posing this family as another SWD-candidate predator. This study sets important bases to further investigate the potential large-scale use of some of these confirmed predator taxa for SWD control in South Europe.

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          Invasion biology of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii): a global perspective and future priorities

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            Non-crop plants used as hosts by Drosophila suzukii in Europe

            The invasive spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, a fruit fly of Asian origin, is a major pest of a wide variety of berry and stone fruits in Europe. One of the characteristics of this fly is its wide host range. A better knowledge of its host range outside cultivated areas is essential to develop sustainable integrated pest management strategies. Field surveys were carried out during two years in Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Fruits of 165 potential host plant species were collected, including mostly wild and ornamental plants. Over 24,000 D. suzukii adults emerged from 84 plant species belonging to 19 families, 38 of which being non-native. Forty-two plants were reported for the first time as hosts of D. suzukii. The highest infestations were found in fruits of the genera Cornus, Prunus, Rubus, Sambucus and Vaccinium as well as in Ficus carica, Frangula alnus, Phytolacca americana and Taxus baccata. Based on these data, management methods are suggested. Ornamental and hedge plants in the vicinity of fruit crops and orchards can be selected according to their susceptibility to D. suzukii. However, the widespread availability and abundance of non-crop hosts and the lack of efficient native parasitoids suggest the need for an area-wide control approach.
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              The Wide Potential Trophic Niche of the Asiatic Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: The Key of Its Invasion Success in Temperate Europe?

              The Asiatic fruit fly Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded Europe and North and South America, causing severe damage to fruit production systems. Although agronomic host plants of that fly are now well documented, little is known about the suitability of wild and ornamental hosts in its exotic area. In order to study the potential trophic niche of D. suzukii with relation to fruit characteristics, fleshy fruits from 67 plant species were sampled in natural and anthropic ecosystems (forests, hedgerows, grasslands, coastal areas, gardens and urban areas) of the north of France and submitted to experimental infestations. A set of fruit traits (structure, colour, shape, skin texture, diameter and weight, phenology) potentially interacting with oviposition choices and development success of D. suzukii was measured. Almost half of the tested plant species belonging to 17 plant families allowed the full development of D. suzukii. This suggests that the extreme polyphagy of the fly and the very large reservoir of hosts producing fruits all year round ensure temporal continuity in resource availability and contribute to the persistence and the exceptional invasion success of D. suzukii in natural habitats and neighbouring cultivated systems. Nevertheless, this very plastic trophic niche is not systematically beneficial to the fly. Some of the tested plants attractive to D. suzukii gravid females stimulate oviposition but do not allow full larval development. Planted near sensitive crops, these “trap plants” may attract and lure D. suzukii, therefore contributing to the control of the invasive fly.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 April 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 4
                : e0249673
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), iB2Lab, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
                [2 ] LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
                [3 ] Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
                [4 ] Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
                University of Carthage, TUNISIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3695-9227
                Article
                PONE-D-20-40365
                10.1371/journal.pone.0249673
                8031375
                33831041
                0cfc7d98-e277-46a4-b784-f681972a4ae0
                © 2021 Sario et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 December 2020
                : 22 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: SFRH/BD/138186/2018
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UID/QUI/50006/2019
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UIDB/04033/2020
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UIDB/04033/2020
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UIDB/00690/2020
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530, European Regional Development Fund;
                Award ID: NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047034
                Award Recipient :
                Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, SFRH/BD/138186/2018, Dr. Sara Sario Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UID/QUI/50006/2019, Dr. Conceição Santos Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UIDB/04033/2020, Dr. Fátima Gonçalves, Dr. Laura Torres Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UIDB/00690/2020, Dr. Fátima Gonçalves European Regional Development Fund, NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047034, Dr. Conceição Santos.
                Categories
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                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
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                All original images for gel files are available from the Figshare database ( https://figshare.com/s/875771f4218cd82b828d).

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