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      The future of Blue Carbon science

      review-article
      1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 5 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 25 , 12 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 12 , 38 , 11 , 2
      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Microbiology, Plant sciences, Biogeochemistry

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          Abstract

          The term Blue Carbon (BC) was first coined a decade ago to describe the disproportionately large contribution of coastal vegetated ecosystems to global carbon sequestration. The role of BC in climate change mitigation and adaptation has now reached international prominence. To help prioritise future research, we assembled leading experts in the field to agree upon the top-ten pending questions in BC science. Understanding how climate change affects carbon accumulation in mature BC ecosystems and during their restoration was a high priority. Controversial questions included the role of carbonate and macroalgae in BC cycling, and the degree to which greenhouse gases are released following disturbance of BC ecosystems. Scientists seek improved precision of the extent of BC ecosystems; techniques to determine BC provenance; understanding of the factors that influence sequestration in BC ecosystems, with the corresponding value of BC; and the management actions that are effective in enhancing this value. Overall this overview provides a comprehensive road map for the coming decades on future research in BC science.

          Abstract

          The role of Blue Carbon in climate change mitigation and adaptation has now reached international prominence. Here the authors identified the top-ten unresolved questions in the field and find that most questions relate to the precise role blue carbon can play in mitigating climate change and the most effective management actions in maximising this.

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          Most cited references106

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          Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas.

          Estuarine and coastal transformation is as old as civilization yet has dramatically accelerated over the past 150 to 300 years. Reconstructed time lines, causes, and consequences of change in 12 once diverse and productive estuaries and coastal seas worldwide show similar patterns: Human impacts have depleted >90% of formerly important species, destroyed >65% of seagrass and wetland habitat, degraded water quality, and accelerated species invasions. Twentieth-century conservation efforts achieved partial recovery of upper trophic levels but have so far failed to restore former ecosystem structure and function. Our results provide detailed historical baselines and quantitative targets for ecosystem-based management and marine conservation.
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            Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock

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              An extreme climatic event alters marine ecosystem structure in a global biodiversity hotspot

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                p.macreadie@deakin.edu.au
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                5 September 2019
                5 September 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 3998
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Center for Integrative Ecology, Geelong, VIC 3125 Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1926 5090, GRID grid.45672.32, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, ; Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0397 2876, GRID grid.8241.f, Division of Plant Sciences, , University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, ; Dundee, DD2 5DQ UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7611, GRID grid.117476.2, Climate Change Cluster, , University of Technology Sydney, ; Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7910, GRID grid.1012.2, School of Biological Science, , University of Western Australia, ; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
                [6 ]ISNI 0000000121062153, GRID grid.22319.3b, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, ; Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0437 5432, GRID grid.1022.1, Australian Rivers Institute—Coast & Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, , Griffith University, ; Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2180 6431, GRID grid.4280.e, Department of Geography, , National University of Singapore, ; 1 Arts Link, Singapore, 117570 Singapore
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0486 528X, GRID grid.1007.6, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, , University of Wollongong, ; Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
                [10 ]ISNI 0000000118820937, GRID grid.7362.0, School of Ocean Sciences, , Bangor University, ; Menai bridge, Bangor, LL59 5AB UK
                [11 ]GRID grid.471614.1, Coastal and Estuarine Environment Research Group, , Port and Airport Research Institute, ; 3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Japan
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0389 4302, GRID grid.1038.a, School of Science, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, , Edith Cowan University, ; 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, School of Biological Sciences, , The University of Queensland, ; St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
                [14 ]ISNI 0000000109430996, GRID grid.14335.30, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, ; Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 7106, GRID grid.410335.0, Institute of Oceanography, , Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, ; PO Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete Greece
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2185 8768, GRID grid.53857.3c, Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, , Utah State University, ; Logan, UT 84322-5210 USA
                [17 ]CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Private Mail Bag, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, GRID grid.15276.37, Department of Geological Sciences, , University of Florida, ; Gainesville, FL 32611-2120 USA
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, GRID grid.14709.3b, Department of Geography, , McGill University, ; 805 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9 Canada
                [20 ]ISNI 0000000121532610, GRID grid.1031.3, Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, , Southern Cross University, ; Lismore, NSW 2480 Australia
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2110 1845, GRID grid.65456.34, Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Coastal Oceans Research, , Florida International University, ; 11200 SW8th St, Miami, FL 33199 USA
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2219 0747, GRID grid.11201.33, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, , University of Plymouth, ; Plymouth, UK
                [23 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2369 4728, GRID grid.20515.33, Shimoda Marine Research Center, , University of Tsukuba, ; Tsukuba, Japan
                [24 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, School of Applied Sciences, , Edinburgh University, ; Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
                [25 ]Global Change Research Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats, Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190 Spain
                [26 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Department of Bioscience, , Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, ; Silkeborg, 8600 Denmark
                [27 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, , Aarhus University, ; Ny Munkegade 114, bldg. 1540, Århus C, 8000 Denmark
                [28 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8486 2070, GRID grid.426526.1, World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN, ; Gland, Switzerland
                [29 ]Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK
                [30 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7910, GRID grid.1012.2, The Oceans Institute and Department of Physics, , The University of Western Australia, ; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA Australia
                [31 ]GRID grid.7080.f, Departament de Física & Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ; Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
                [32 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9136 933X, GRID grid.27755.32, Department of Environmental Sciences, , University of Virginia, ; Charlotttesville, VA 22903 USA
                [33 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8612 0361, GRID grid.419533.9, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, ; 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA
                [34 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0644 442X, GRID grid.450561.3, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jl. CIFOR, Situgede, ; Bogor, 16115 Indonesia
                [35 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0698 0773, GRID grid.440754.6, Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, , Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus Darmaga, ; Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
                [36 ]ISNI 0000000121742757, GRID grid.194645.b, Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, , University of Hong Kong, ; Hong Kong SAR, China
                [37 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9693 350X, GRID grid.7157.4, Center of Marine Sciences, , CCMAR, University of Algarve, ; Faro, 8005-139 Portugal
                [38 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, Nicholas School of the Environment, , Duke University, ; 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7362-0882
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4104-2966
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-1291
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5145-9466
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-273X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-6855
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-541X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-6574
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-8555
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-3903
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5502-0680
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-8500
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-2518
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-6018
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9792-256X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-6244
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-0773
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-6789
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-320X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-7883
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-9978
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7861-4366
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-0046
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1213-1361
                Article
                11693
                10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w
                6728345
                31488846
                0d069fc8-3fcb-4e73-8c3d-eec388c031fa
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 6 November 2018
                : 31 July 2019
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                © The Author(s) 2019

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                microbiology,plant sciences,biogeochemistry
                Uncategorized
                microbiology, plant sciences, biogeochemistry

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