Sir,
Nonsedating antihistamines are recommended as first-line treatment for patients with
urticaria. In chronic spontaneous urticaria, wheals arise spontaneously for more than
6 weeks without external physical stimuli. The current European Academy of Allergology
and Clinical Immunology/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network/European Dermatology
Forum (EAACI/GA2 LEN/EDF) guidelines call for updosing of nonsedating antihistamines
(up to four times the standard dose) in urticaria patients who do not respond satisfactorily
to the standard doses.[1] There are a few studies carried out to assess the efficacy
of such a recommendation.
Fexofenadine is one of the several second-generation H
1-antihistamines approved for the treatment of various allergic disorders; however,
it shows numerous unique properties that make it an optimal choice for many patients.
Fexofenadine is devoid of sedative and anticholinergic effects and may offer equivalent
or greater efficacy in treating allergic disorders compared with other currently available
second-generation H1-antihistamines.[2]
We tried fexofenadine in chronic spontaneous urticaria in higher doses. Thirty-seven
patients (17 females and 20 males; age group, 18-60 years; mean age, 35.13 years)
with chronic spontaneous urticaria for at least 6 weeks; and pruritus, wheal score
of more than 2 were enrolled after obtaining an informed written consent. The exclusion
criteria included physical urticaria, urticarial vasculitis, pregnant or lactating
women, gastritis, a history of sensitivity to aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), hypertension, diabetes, kidney diseases and a history of aggravation
of symptoms by pressure. Routine investigations like complete blood count, blood sugar,
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and urine examination were done to rule out infections
before starting therapy. All 37 patients had chronic spontaneous urticaria of duration
ranging from 3 months to 2 years (mean duration, 7.84 months).
After a 1-day washout without treatment, we graded symptoms using the urticaria activity
score (UAS). The UAS measures two symptoms — number of wheals and intensity of itching
— each on a 0-3 scale each day. The UAS was recorded by each patient daily and was
obtained from the patients weekly. The number of wheals was scored from 0 to 3: 0,
no wheals; 1, less than 20 wheals; 2, 20-50 wheals; 3, >50 wheals almost covered large
confluent areas of wheals. Severity of itch was scored as 0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate;
and 3, severe. One has to add both these scores, viz., for both the number of wheals
and the severity of itch, on a given day for each of the days in a given week to get
the weekly UAS [Table 1]. The possible weekly aggregate UAS thereby ranged from 0
to 42.[3] Sedation was graded from 0 to 3 (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe).
To monitor urticaria, we recorded UAS at the beginning and at the end of 1 week, 2
and 4 weeks of treatment.
Table 1
Urticaria activity score
All patients were started with fexofenadine 180 mg tablet in the morning after breakfast.
Patients were reviewed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. For symptomatic patients,
the dose of fexofenadine was doubled to 360 mg of fexofenadine (2 tablets) in two
divided doses at the end of 1 week; and 3 tablets of fexofenadine (540 mg) in three
divided doses at the end of 2 weeks. Investigations revealed microcytic anemia in
5 patients and raised thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 3 patients. Appropriate
treatment was given to these patients in the form of hematinics and thyroid supplements.
Average daily UAS was 3.6 at 0 weeks, which came down to 2.27 at the end of 1 week.
At the end of 1 week, 26 patients out of 37 were symptomatic. We doubled the dose
to 360 mg of fexofenadine in divided doses. At 2 weeks, UAS was 1.2. At the end of
2 weeks, 14 out of 26 patients were symptomatic, whose dose was tripled to 540 mg
of fexofenadine in three divided doses. At the end of 4 weeks, UAS came down to 0.19.
Difference between UAS at week 0 and that at week 4 was statistically significant
(P value, < 0.05). At 540 mg dose of fexofenadine, 13 out of 14 patients were asymptomatic.
Electrocardiographic study was done in 5 patients who were on 540 mg of fexofenadine
and was within normal limits. One patient required second-line treatment in the form
of methotrexate.
Sedation was recorded as 0, mild, moderate or severe. One patient with 540 mg of fexofenadine
complained of sedation, which was mild. Headache was reported in 2 patients with higher
doses. Eleven, 12 and 13 patients became asymptomatic when administered 180, 360 and
540 mg fexofenadine, respectively. We have reported updosing with levocetirizine to
control chronic urticaria in Indian patients.[4] The cardiovascular safety of fexofenadine
has also been thoroughly investigated. These studies, involving approximately 6,000
patients, have shown that fexofenadine is not associated with cardiotoxicity; it does
not inhibit cardiac K+ channels and has no apparent effect on heart rate or QT interval.[5]
Fexofenadine HCl at single doses up to 800 mg once daily and multiple doses up to
690 mg b.d. for 28 days in healthy volunteers resulted in no increase in QTc interval.
Recommended dose range of fexofenadine is 120-180 mg daily.[6] In a study comparing
fexofenadine (360mg) versus promethazine (30mg), fexofenadine was found to be free
from disruptive effects on aspects of psychomotor and cognitive function. The identification
of antihistamine fexofenadine as being devoid of central effects even at supraclinical
doses separates it from currently available first- and second-generation drugs, with
no objective evidence of CNS side effects on cognition and psychomotor function.[7]
We found fexofenadine in higher doses effectively controlled urticaria in majority
of the patients. Side effects were noted in the form of headache and sedation.