29
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 11 , 1 , 22 , 23 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 4 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 1 , 2 , 23 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 4 , 5 ,   37 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 25 , 47 , 12 , 13 , 48 , 49 , 36 , 37 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 9 , 4 , 5 , 21 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 39 , 38 , 40 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 53 , 66 , 1 , 67 , 39 , 11 , 68 , 69 , 25 , 70 , 71 , 4 , 5 , 72 , 7 , 39 , 73 , 74 , 36 , 37 , 75 , 72 , 76 , 63 , 25 , 30 , 55 , 27 , 77 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 78 , 5 , 30 , 38 , 40 , 79 , 14 , 80 , 81 , 1 , 2 , 82 , 83 , 4 , 5 , 63 , 84 , 85 , 63 , 43 , 69 , 86 , 25 , 87 , 8 , 7 , 71 , 88 , 50 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 82 , 94 , 90 , 20 , 30 , 82 , 83 , 95 , 37 , 96 , 44 , 97 , 37 , 8 , 7 , 41 , 37 , 98 , 1 , 99 , 100 , 66 , 101 , 1 , 47 , 102 , 103 , 19 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 61 , 41 , 7 , 9 , 107 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 108 , 65 , 25 , 103 , 109 , 47 , 110 , 41 , 111 , 43 , 69 , 74 , 4 , 5 , 112 , 26 , 113 , 25 , 85 , 8 , 10 , 7 , 29 , 61 , 14 , 25 , 114 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 37 , 115 , 116 , 47 , 117 , 118 , 74 , 89 , 87 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 82 , 83 , 37 , 115 , 116 , 124 , 125 , 37 , 115 , 126 , 11 , 39 , 38 , 4 , 5 , 54 , 20 , 5 , 53 , 127 , 82 , 94 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 79 , 4 , 5 , 25 , 21 , 7 , 9 , 132
      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Behavioural genetics, Genome-wide association studies, Genetics of the nervous system, Post-traumatic stress disorder

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5–20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson’s disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2, is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations.

          Abstract

          Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health problem. Here, the authors report a GWAS from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium in which they identify two risk loci in European ancestry and one locus in African ancestry individuals and find that PTSD is genetically correlated with several other psychiatric traits.

          Related collections

          Most cited references47

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping.

          Comparative studies of ethnically diverse human populations, particularly in Africa, are important for reconstructing human evolutionary history and for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation and complex disease. African populations are characterized by greater levels of genetic diversity, extensive population substructure, and less linkage disequilibrium (LD) among loci compared to non-African populations. Africans also possess a number of genetic adaptations that have evolved in response to diverse climates and diets, as well as exposure to infectious disease. This review summarizes patterns and the evolutionary origins of genetic diversity present in African populations, as well as their implications for the mapping of complex traits, including disease susceptibility.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Post-traumatic stress disorder.

            Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in 5-10% of the population and is twice as common in women as in men. Although trauma exposure is the precipitating event for PTSD to develop, biological and psychosocial risk factors are increasingly viewed as predictors of symptom onset, severity and chronicity. PTSD affects multiple biological systems, such as brain circuitry and neurochemistry, and cellular, immune, endocrine and metabolic function. Treatment approaches involve a combination of medications and psychotherapy, with psychotherapy overall showing greatest efficacy. Studies of PTSD pathophysiology initially focused on the psychophysiology and neurobiology of stress responses, and the acquisition and the extinction of fear memories. However, increasing emphasis is being placed on identifying factors that explain individual differences in responses to trauma and promotion of resilience, such as genetic and social factors, brain developmental processes, cumulative biological and psychological effects of early childhood and other stressful lifetime events. The field of PTSD is currently challenged by fluctuations in diagnostic criteria, which have implications for epidemiological, biological, genetic and treatment studies. However, the advent of new biological methodologies offers the possibility of large-scale approaches to heterogeneous and genetically complex brain disorders, and provides optimism that individualized approaches to diagnosis and treatment will be discovered.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States.

              To identify sources of race/ethnic differences related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared trauma exposure, risk for PTSD among those exposed to trauma, and treatment-seeking among Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and Asians in the US general population. Data from structured diagnostic interviews with 34 653 adult respondents to the 2004-2005 wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analysed. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was highest among Blacks (8.7%), intermediate among Hispanics and Whites (7.0% and 7.4%) and lowest among Asians (4.0%). Differences in risk for trauma varied by type of event. Whites were more likely than the other groups to have any trauma, to learn of a trauma to someone close, and to learn of an unexpected death, but Blacks and Hispanics had higher risk of child maltreatment, chiefly witnessing domestic violence, and Asians, Black men, and Hispanic women had higher risk of war-related events than Whites. Among those exposed to trauma, PTSD risk was slightly higher among Blacks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.22] and lower among Asians (aOR 0.67) compared with Whites, after adjustment for characteristics of trauma exposure. All minority groups were less likely to seek treatment for PTSD than Whites (aOR range: 0.39-0.61), and fewer than half of minorities with PTSD sought treatment (range: 32.7-42.0%). When PTSD affects US race/ethnic minorities, it is usually untreated. Large disparities in treatment indicate a need for investment in accessible and culturally sensitive treatment options.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                cnievergelt@ucsd.edu
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                8 October 2019
                8 October 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 4558
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2107 4242, GRID grid.266100.3, University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, ; La Jolla, CA USA
                [2 ]Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA USA
                [3 ]Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA USA
                [4 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, ; Boston, MA USA
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8795 072X, GRID grid.240206.2, McLean Hospital, ; Belmont, MA USA
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0482 5331, GRID grid.411984.1, University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry, ; Göttingen, DE Germany
                [7 ]Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Massachusetts General Hospital, , Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, ; Boston, MA USA
                [9 ]Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA USA
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0386 9924, GRID grid.32224.35, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, ; Boston, MA USA
                [11 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, ; Boston, MA USA
                [12 ]King’s College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, GB USA
                [13 ]King’s College London, NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, London, GB USA
                [14 ]University of Cape Town, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA USA
                [15 ]ISNI 0000000419368956, GRID grid.168010.e, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, ; Stanford, CA USA
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0478 7015, GRID grid.418356.d, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Psychiatry, ; West Haven, CT USA
                [17 ]ISNI 0000000419368710, GRID grid.47100.32, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Neuroscience, ; New Haven, CT USA
                [18 ]VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT USA
                [19 ]ISNI 0000000419368710, GRID grid.47100.32, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ; New Haven, CT USA
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0374 5948, GRID grid.429666.9, VA Boston Healthcare System, , National Center for PTSD, ; Boston, MA USA
                [21 ]Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA USA
                [22 ]Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Million Veteran Program, San Diego, CA USA
                [23 ]Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA USA
                [24 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 4264, GRID grid.411024.2, Gillings School of Global Public Health, , Department of Epidemiology, ; Chapel Hill, NC USA
                [25 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, GRID grid.189967.8, Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [26 ]Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, VA USA
                [27 ]The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Sjaelland Denmark
                [28 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8921, GRID grid.5510.1, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, ; Oslo, NO Norway
                [29 ]Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN USA
                [30 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ; Durham, NC USA
                [31 ]Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston, MA USA
                [32 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0378 8294, GRID grid.62560.37, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, , Channing Division of Network Medicine, ; Boston, MA USA
                [33 ]Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, MA USA
                [34 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0682 9061, GRID grid.412410.2, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Department of Psychiatry, ; Tuzla, BA Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [35 ]University Clinical Center of Mostar, Department of Psychiatry, Mostar, BA Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [36 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0417 4147, GRID grid.6203.7, Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, ; Copenhagen, DK Denmark
                [37 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9817 5300, GRID grid.452548.a, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, ; iPSYCH, DK Denmark
                [38 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0419 9846, GRID grid.410332.7, Durham VA Medical Center, Research, ; Durham, NC USA
                [39 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, ; Durham, NC USA
                [40 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0419 3073, GRID grid.281208.1, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, , Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, ; Durham, NC USA
                [41 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, GRID grid.4367.6, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ; Saint Louis, MO USA
                [42 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0807 5670, GRID grid.5600.3, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, ; Cardiff, UK
                [43 ]ISNI 0000000090126352, GRID grid.7692.a, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, ; Utrecht, NL Netherlands
                [44 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, ; Aarhus, DK Denmark
                [45 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, ; Aarhus, DK Denmark
                [46 ]Atlanta VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Decatur, GA USA
                [47 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8954 1233, GRID grid.279863.1, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, ; New Orleans, LA USA
                [48 ]ISNI 0000 0004 4902 0432, GRID grid.1005.4, University of New South Wales, Department of Psychology, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [49 ]ISNI 0000000086837370, GRID grid.214458.e, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, ; Ann Arbor, MI USA
                [50 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0452 4020, GRID grid.241104.2, University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, ; Cleveland, OH USA
                [51 ]CEDOC -Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Lisbon, PT Portugal
                [52 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2107 4242, GRID grid.266100.3, University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, ; La Jolla, CA USA
                [53 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0670 2351, GRID grid.59734.3c, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, ; New York, NY USA
                [54 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1378 7891, GRID grid.411760.5, University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, ; Würzburg, DE Germany
                [55 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0656 9343, GRID grid.258518.3, Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, ; Kent, OH USA
                [56 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0656 9343, GRID grid.258518.3, Kent State University, Research and Sponsored Programs, ; Kent, OH USA
                [57 ]Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Research Service Line, Minneapolis, MN USA
                [58 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9428 7911, GRID grid.7708.8, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, , Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, ; Freiburg, DE Germany
                [59 ]GRID grid.5963.9, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, ; Freiburg, DE Germany
                [60 ]University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Department of Psychiatry, Sarajevo, BA Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [61 ]ISNI 0000000419368657, GRID grid.17635.36, University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
                [62 ]Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis, MN USA
                [63 ]Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB USA
                [64 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0367 5222, GRID grid.475010.7, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ; Boston, MA USA
                [65 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2164 3847, GRID grid.67105.35, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, ; Cleveland, OH USA
                [66 ]University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne, VIC, AU USA
                [67 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, GRID grid.189504.1, Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, ; Boston, MA USA
                [68 ]Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL Netherlands
                [69 ]UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL Netherlands
                [70 ]University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Department of Psychiatry, Prishtina, Kosovo, XK USA
                [71 ]QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
                [72 ]US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, MD USA
                [73 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, GRID grid.4367.6, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, ; Saint Louis, MO USA
                [74 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2214 904X, GRID grid.11956.3a, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, ; Western Cape, ZA South Africa
                [75 ]University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, HR USA
                [76 ]ISNI 0000000100301493, GRID grid.62562.35, RTI International, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, ; Research Triangle Park, NC USA
                [77 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, GRID grid.5254.6, University of Copenhagen, Department of Psychology, ; Copenhagen, DK Denmark
                [78 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Harvard Medical School, , Department of Health Care Policy, ; Boston, MA USA
                [79 ]ISNI 0000000086837370, GRID grid.214458.e, University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, ; Ann Arbor, MI USA
                [80 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, GRID grid.25879.31, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ; Philadelphia, PA USA
                [81 ]Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [82 ]ISNI 0000000089150953, GRID grid.1024.7, Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, ; QLD, AU Australia
                [83 ]ISNI 0000000089150953, GRID grid.1024.7, Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, ; QLD, AU Australia
                [84 ]UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, Chapel Hill, NC USA
                [85 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, GRID grid.189967.8, Emory University, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [86 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7558, GRID grid.189504.1, Boston University, Dean’s Office, ; Boston, MA USA
                [87 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, GRID grid.137628.9, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, ; New York, NY USA
                [88 ]GRID grid.420176.6, United States Army, Command, ; Fort Sill, OK USA
                [89 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7304, GRID grid.1010.0, University of Adelaide, Department of Psychiatry, Adelaide, ; South Australia, AU Australia
                [90 ]ISNI 0000 0004 4657 1992, GRID grid.410370.1, VA Boston Health Care System, GRECC/TRACTS, ; Boston, MA USA
                [91 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Harvard University, Department of Psychology, ; Boston, MA USA
                [92 ]UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
                [93 ]Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, PTSD Initiative, Greenslopes, Queensland, AU Australia
                [94 ]ISNI 0000000089150953, GRID grid.1024.7, Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, ; QLD, AU Australia
                [95 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0512 597X, GRID grid.154185.c, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychosis Research Unit, ; Risskov, DK Denmark
                [96 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, ; Aarhus, DK Denmark
                [97 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, GRID grid.7048.b, Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, ; Aarhus, DK Denmark
                [98 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, GRID grid.5254.6, University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, ; Copenhagen, DK Denmark
                [99 ]Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA USA
                [100 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0374 5948, GRID grid.429666.9, National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Executive Division, White River Junction, ; San Diego, VT USA
                [101 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9003 8934, GRID grid.261128.e, Northern Illinois University, Department of Psychology, ; DeKalb, IL USA
                [102 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0629 5880, GRID grid.267309.9, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry, ; San Antonio, TX USA
                [103 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, University of Washington, Department of Psychology, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [104 ]U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven, CT USA
                [105 ]Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, Minneapolis, MN USA
                [106 ]Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Department of Psychology, Minneapolis, MN USA
                [107 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2218 4662, GRID grid.6363.0, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, ; Berlin, GE Germany
                [108 ]Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA USA
                [109 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2189 3475, GRID grid.259828.c, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, ; Charleston, SC USA
                [110 ]Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht, Limburg, NL Netherlands
                [111 ]Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Department of Medicine, Lima, Lima, PE USA
                [112 ]ISNI 0000000086837370, GRID grid.214458.e, University of Michigan, School of Nursing, ; Ann Arbor, MI USA
                [113 ]University of New South Wales, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, NSW, AU USA
                [114 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2285 2675, GRID grid.239585.0, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, ; New York, NY USA
                [115 ]Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, DK Denmark
                [116 ]Oslo University Hospital, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, NO USA
                [117 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2353 285X, GRID grid.170693.a, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Genomics Program, ; Tampa, FL USA
                [118 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0421 5525, GRID grid.265436.0, Uniformed Services University, Department of Psychiatry, ; Bethesda, Maryland USA
                [119 ]Arq, Psychotrauma Reseach Expert Group, Diemen, NH Netherlands
                [120 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, ; Leiden, ZH, NL Netherlands
                [121 ]Netherlands Defense Department, Research Center, Utrecht, UT Netherlands
                [122 ]Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Holland, NL Netherlands
                [123 ]Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Holland, NL Netherlands
                [124 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0604 0521, GRID grid.414236.6, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, , Department of Mental Health, ; Charleston, SC USA
                [125 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2189 3475, GRID grid.259828.c, Medical University of South Carolina, , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, ; Charleston, SC USA
                [126 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, GRID grid.5254.6, University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, ; Copenhagen, Denmark
                [127 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0604 0521, GRID grid.414236.6, James J Peters VA Medical Center, , Department of Mental Health, ; Bronx, NY USA
                [128 ]Baylor Scott and White Central Texas, Department of Psychiatry, Temple, TX USA
                [129 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0420 5847, GRID grid.413775.3, CTVHCS, COE for Research on Returning War Veterans, ; Waco, TX USA
                [130 ]ISNI 0000000419368710, GRID grid.47100.32, Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, ; New Haven, CT USA
                [131 ]ISNI 0000000122986657, GRID grid.34477.33, University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, ; Seattle, WA USA
                [132 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 4264, GRID grid.411024.2, Harvard School of Public Health, , Department of Epidemiology, ; Boston, MA USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8923
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-1623
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7045-9229
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-776X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-5597
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-2431
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0944
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-661X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9569
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9855-0438
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-0349
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-807X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-9155
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1736-9838
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-7484
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-7219
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-6775
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-1792
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-819X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-1733
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1705-4008
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-6772
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-8752
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-9112
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-7064
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-9421
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-7111
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-4591
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-548X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-2379
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5476-5920
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-328X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-5420
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3517
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2899-0216
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-5889
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-253X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-9784
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-2305
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-9181
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-3522
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-8563
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-619X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-6077
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-1882
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-0022
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-1004
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-305X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-3820
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-4399
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5190-7241
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-6348
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3773-641X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-5156
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6334
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0856
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-0314
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-0744
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-6164
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-1090
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0766
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-5281
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-3573
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-9607
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-2449
                Article
                12576
                10.1038/s41467-019-12576-w
                6783435
                31594949
                0d1aa2c0-3c57-4d0c-8af3-a019364bf44f
                © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 25 July 2019
                : 18 September 2019
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                behavioural genetics,genome-wide association studies,genetics of the nervous system,post-traumatic stress disorder

                Comments

                Comment on this article