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      Community-acquired pneumonia: economics of inpatient medical care vis-à-vis clinical severity*,** Translated title: Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade: economia de cuidados médicos, em relação à gravidade clínica

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To assess the direct and indirect costs of diagnosing and treating community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), correlating those costs with CAP severity at diagnosis and identifying the major cost drivers.

          Methods:

          This was a prospective cost analysis study using bottom-up costing. Clinical severity and mortality risk were assessed with the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and the mental Confusion-Urea-Respiratory rate-Blood pressure-age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65) scale, respectively. The sample comprised 95 inpatients hospitalized for newly diagnosed CAP. The analysis was run from a societal perspective with a time horizon of one year.

          Results:

          Expressed as mean ± standard deviation, in Euros, the direct and indirect medical costs per CAP patient were 696 ± 531 and 410 ± 283, respectively, the total per-patient cost therefore being 1,106 ± 657. The combined budget impact of our patient cohort, in Euros, was 105,087 (66,109 and 38,979 in direct and indirect costs, respectively). The major cost drivers, in descending order, were the opportunity cost (lost productivity); diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities; and administration of medications, oxygen, and blood derivatives. The CURB-65 and PSI scores both correlated with the indirect costs of CAP treatment. The PSI score correlated positively with the overall frequency of use of health care services. Neither score showed any clear relationship with the direct costs of CAP treatment.

          Conclusions:

          Clinical severity at admission appears to be unrelated to the costs of CAP treatment. This is mostly attributable to unwarranted hospital admission (or unnecessarily long hospital stays) in cases of mild pneumonia, as well as to over-prescription of antibiotics. Authorities should strive to improve adherence to guidelines and promote cost-effective prescribing practices among physicians in southeastern Europe.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          Avaliar os custos médicos diretos e indiretos de diagnóstico e tratamento para pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC), correlacionando-os com a gravidade da PAC ao diagnóstico e identificando os principais fatores de custo.

          Métodos:

          Análise de custos prospectiva utilizando custo bottom-up. A gravidade clínica e o risco de mortalidade foram determinados através de pneumonia severity index (PSI) e a escala mental C onfusion-U rea-R espiratory rate-B lood pressure-age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65), respectivamente. A amostra foi composta por 95 pacientes hospitalizados devido a PAC recém-diagnosticada. A análise foi realizada em uma perspectiva social com um horizonte de tempo de um ano.

          Resultados:

          Expressos em média ± desvio-padrão em euros, os custos médicos diretos e indiretos por paciente com PAC foram de 696 ± 531 e 410 ± 283, respectivamente, sendo, portanto, o custo total por paciente de 1.106 ± 657. O impacto orçamentário combinado deste grupo de pacientes em euros foi de 105.087 (66.109 e 38.979 nos custos diretos e indiretos, respectivamente). Os principais fatores de custo, em ordem descendente, foram custo de oportunidade (perda de produtividade); diagnóstico e tratamento de comorbidades; e administração de medicamentos, oxigênio e derivados do sangue. Os escores CURB-65 e PSI correlacionaram-se com os custos indiretos do tratamento da PAC. O escore PSI correlacionou-se positivamente com a frequência global no uso de serviços médicos. Nenhum dos escores mostrou uma relação clara com os custos diretos do tratamento da PAC.

          Conclusões:

          A gravidade clínica na admissão parece não se correlacionar com os custos do tratamento da PAC. Esses custos são principalmente causados por internações hospitalares desnecessárias (ou por internação desnecessariamente prolongada) em casos de pneumonia leve, assim como pela prescrição exagerada de antibióticos. As autoridades devem se esforçar para melhorar a adesão às diretrizes e promover práticas de prescrição custo-efetivas entre os médicos do sudeste da Europa.

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          Most cited references79

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          Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - Full version

          This document is an update of Guidelines published in 2005 and now includes scientific publications through to May 2010. It provides evidence-based recommendations for the most common management questions occurring in routine clinical practice in the management of adult patients with LRTI. Topics include management outside hospital, management inside hospital (including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis) and prevention. Background sections and graded evidence tables are also included. The target audience for the Guideline is thus all those whose routine practice includes the management of adult LRTI.
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            Resource allocation strategies in Southeastern European health policy.

            The past 23 years of post-socialist restructuring of health system funding and management patterns has brought many changes to small Balkan markets, putting them under increasing pressure to keep pace with advancing globalization. Socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare access are still growing across the region. This uneven development is marked by the substantial difficulties encountered by local governments in delivering medical services to broad sectors of the population. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of the following evidence: published reports on health system reforms in the region commissioned by WHO, IMF, World Bank, OECD, European Commission; all available published evidence on health economics, funding, reimbursement in world/local languages since 1989 indexed at Medline, Excerpta Medica and Google Scholar; in depth analysis of official website data on medical care financing related legislation among key public institutions such as national Ministries of health, Health Insurance Funds, Professional Associations were applicable, in local languages; correspondence with key opinion leaders in the field in their respective communities. Contributors were asked to answer a particular set of questions related to the issue, thus enlightening fresh legislative developments and hidden patterns of policy maker's behavior. Cost awareness is slowly expanding in regional management, academic and industrial establishment. The study provides an exact and comprehensive description of its current extent and legislative framework. Western Balkans policy makers would profit substantially from health-economics-based decision-making to cope with increasing difficulties in funding and delivering medical care in emerging markets with a rapidly growing demand for health services.
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              Relation between length of hospital stay and costs of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

              Patients with pneumonia often remain hospitalized after becoming clinically stable, without demonstrated benefits on outcome. The purposes of this study were to assess the relation between length of hospital stay and daily medical care costs and to estimate the potential cost savings associated with a reduced length of stay for patients with pneumonia. As part of a prospective study of adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia at a community hospital and two university teaching hospitals, daily medical care costs were estimated by multiplying individual charges by department-specific cost-to-charge ratios obtained from each hospital's Medicare cost reports. The median total cost of hospitalization for all 982 inpatients was $5, 942, with a median daily cost of $836, including $491 (59%) for room and $345 (41%) for non-room costs. Average daily non-room costs were 282% greater on the first hospital day, 59% greater on the second day, and 19% greater on the third day than the average daily cost throughout the hospitalization (all P <0.05), and were 14% to 72% lower on the last 3 days of hospitalization. Average daily room costs remained relatively constant throughout the hospital stay, with the exception of the day of discharge. A projected mean savings of $680 was associated with a 1-day reduction in length of stay. Despite institutional differences in total costs, patterns of daily resource use throughout hospitalization were similar at all institutions. A 1-day reduction in length of stay might yield substantial cost-savings.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Internist
                Role: Full Professor
                Role: Vice-Dean
                Role: Internist
                Role: Head
                Role: Assistant Professor
                Role: Head
                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                Jan-Feb 2015
                Jan-Feb 2015
                : 41
                : 1
                : 48-57
                Affiliations
                University of Kragujevac, Center for Clinical Medicine, Pulmonology Department, Kragujevac, Serbia. Pulmonology Department, University of Kragujevac Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
                University of Kragujevac, Center for Clinical Medicine, Pulmonology Department, Kragujevac, Serbia. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; and Head. Pulmonology Department, University of Kragujevac Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
                University of Kragujevac, Center for Clinical Medicine, Pulmonology Department, Kragujevac, Serbia. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; and Internist. Pulmonology Department, University of Kragujevac Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
                University of Kragujevac, Center for Clinical Medicine, Pulmonology Department. Pulmonology Department, University of Kragujevac Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
                University of Kragujevac, Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia. Intensive Care Unit, University of Kragujevac Center for Clinical Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
                University of Defence, Military Medical Academy, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
                University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia. Graduate Program in Health Economics and Pharmacoeconomics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Mihajlo Jakovljevic. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Tel. 381 34 306-800. Fax: 381 34 306-800. E-mail: sidartagothama@ 123456gmail.com ; jakovljevicm@ 123456medf.kg.ac.rs
                Article
                10.1590/S1806-37132015000100007
                4350825
                25750674
                0d655e98-fa9e-4285-ba86-0f7c2df02fcb

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 August 2014
                : 05 December 2014
                Page count
                Tables: 8, References: 29, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia
                Award ID: OI 175 014
                Categories
                Original Articles

                pneumonia,cost of illness,costs and cost analysis,health care costs,hospitalization,severity of illness index

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