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      Optimization of tube voltage in X-ray dark-field chest radiography

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          Abstract

          Grating-based X-ray dark-field imaging is a novel imaging modality which has been refined during the last decade. It exploits the wave-like behaviour of X-radiation and can nowadays be implemented with existing X-ray tubes used in clinical applications. The method is based on the detection of small-angle X-ray scattering, which occurs e.g. at air-tissue-interfaces in the lung or bone-fat interfaces in spongy bone. In contrast to attenuation-based chest X-ray imaging, the optimal tube voltage for dark-field imaging of the thorax has not yet been examined. In this work, dark-field scans with tube voltages ranging from 60 to 120 kVp were performed on a deceased human body. We analyzed the resulting images with respect to subjective and objective image quality, and found that the optimum tube voltage for dark-field thorax imaging at the used setup is at rather low energies of around 60 to 70 kVp. Furthermore, we found that at these tube voltages, the transmission radiographs still exhibit sufficient image quality to correlate dark-field information. Therefore, this study may serve as an important guideline for the development of clinical dark-field chest X-ray imaging devices for future routine use.

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          Phase retrieval and differential phase-contrast imaging with low-brilliance X-ray sources

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            Hard-X-ray dark-field imaging using a grating interferometer.

            Imaging with visible light today uses numerous contrast mechanisms, including bright- and dark-field contrast, phase-contrast schemes and confocal and fluorescence-based methods. X-ray imaging, on the other hand, has only recently seen the development of an analogous variety of contrast modalities. Although X-ray phase-contrast imaging could successfully be implemented at a relatively early stage with several techniques, dark-field imaging, or more generally scattering-based imaging, with hard X-rays and good signal-to-noise ratio, in practice still remains a challenging task even at highly brilliant synchrotron sources. In this letter, we report a new approach on the basis of a grating interferometer that can efficiently yield dark-field scatter images of high quality, even with conventional X-ray tube sources. Because the image contrast is formed through the mechanism of small-angle scattering, it provides complementary and otherwise inaccessible structural information about the specimen at the micrometre and submicrometre length scale. Our approach is fully compatible with conventional transmission radiography and a recently developed hard-X-ray phase-contrast imaging scheme. Applications to X-ray medical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing and security screening are discussed.
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              On the origin of visibility contrast in x-ray Talbot interferometry.

              The reduction in visibility in x-ray grating interferometry based on the Talbot effect is formulated by the autocorrelation function of spatial fluctuations of a wavefront due to unresolved micron-size structures in samples. The experimental results for microspheres and melamine sponge were successfully explained by this formula with three parameters characterizing the wavefront fluctuations: variance, correlation length, and the Hurst exponent. The ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering of these samples was measured, and the scattering profiles were consistent with the formulation. Furthermore, we discuss the relation between the three parameters and the features of the micron-sized structures. The visibility-reduction contrast observed by x-ray grating interferometry can thus be understood in relation to the structural parameters of the microstructures.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                andreas.sauter@tum.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                18 June 2019
                18 June 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 8699
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000123222966, GRID grid.6936.a, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, , Technical University of Munich, ; 81675 Munich, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000123222966, GRID grid.6936.a, Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, , Technical University of Munich, ; 85748 Garching, Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, GRID grid.5252.0, Institut für Rechtsmedizin, , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, ; 80336 Munich, Germany
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0373 4886, GRID grid.418621.8, Philips GmbH Innovative Technologies, Research Laboratories, ; 22335 Hamburg, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-862X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3561-7305
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-1591
                Article
                45256
                10.1038/s41598-019-45256-2
                6582156
                31213645
                0da97090-e73a-4728-a1d9-210783a6b8c2
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 22 November 2018
                : 4 June 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation);
                Award ID: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz program
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000781, EC | European Research Council (ERC);
                Award ID: AdG 695045
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                diagnosis,medical imaging,imaging techniques
                Uncategorized
                diagnosis, medical imaging, imaging techniques

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