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      Controlled Trial of a Short-term Intensive Parent Training Program within the Context of Routine Services for Autistic Children in China Translated title: Ensayo controlado de un programa de formación parental intensivo a corto plazo en el contexto de los servicios rutinarios para niños autistas en China

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          ABSTRACT

          Recent systematic reviews found limited rigorous research conducted to date of the effectiveness of parent training programs in reducing behavioral problems for autistic children in low- and middle-income countries. This study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a short-term intensive parent training program for autistic children aged three to six in the context of routine service provision in China. A quasi-experiment was conducted involving the local implementing organization and using a waitlist control. Data were collected at baseline and immediate post-intervention. The primary outcome was child behavioral problems measured using the Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing scale. Between-group comparisons used a difference-in-differences design with propensity score weighting to reduce sources of bias. A process evaluation was undertaken in parallel to assess participant involvement, program acceptability, and delivery. The protocol was prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04257331). The final sample size was 111 (treatment: 63; comparison: 48). Results suggest that the program was associated with improvements in child externalizing behaviors ( b = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.18]), parental mental health symptoms ( b = -5.96, 95% CI [-11.74, -0.17]), over-reactive parenting ( b = -0.63, 95% CI [-0.98, -0.27]), and parental knowledge ( b = 2.08, 95% CI [2.07, 2.17]). Exploratory analysis of factors related to implementation indicated that baseline parental mental health was related to participant engagement, and that satisfaction and engagement levels were potentially linked to positive treatment effects. Findings suggest that short-term intensive parent training programs that are provided by trained non-specialists, could potentially be used as an alternative to traditional prohibitively costly services that are delivered intensively for consecutive years in low-resource contexts. Follow-ups are needed to investigate its long-term benefits.

          RESUMEN

          En revisiones sistemáticas recientes apenas se han encontrado investigaciones rigurosas que se hayan llevado a cabo hasta la fecha sobre la eficacia de los programas de formación parental para disminuir los problemas comportamentales de niños autistas en países de renta baja y media. En este estudio se pretende analizar la eficacia de un programa de formación parental intensivo a corto plazo para niños autistas de entre tres y seis años en el contexto de la prestación rutinaria de servicios en China. Se llevó a cabo un cuasiexperimento con la organización local a cargo de la aplicación y como control una lista de espera. Se recogieron datos de línea base e inmediatamente posteriores a la intervención. El resultado primario fueron los problemas comportamentales del niño medidos con la “Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing scale”. Para las comparaciones entre grupos se utilizó un diseño de “diferencia en diferencias” con ponderación de la puntuación de propensión para disminuir las fuentes de error. En paralelo se llevó a cabo una evaluación de procesos para medir la implicación de los participantes, la aceptación del programa y su aplicación. El protocolo se registró prospectivamente en ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04257331). La muestra final quedó constituida por 111 sujetos (de los cuales 63 constituían el grupo de tratamiento y 48 el de comparación). Los resultados indican que el programa se asociaba con la mejora de los comportamientos externalizadores infantiles ( b = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.18]), la salud mental parental ( b = -5.96, 95% CI [-11.74, -0.17]), parentalidad sobrerreactiva ( b = -2.71, 95% CI [-5.23, -0.18]) y conocimientos parentales ( b = 2.08, 95% CI [2.07, 2.17]). El análisis exploratorio de los factores relativos a la aplicación indicaba que la salud mental parental en la línea base se relacionaba con la implicación de los participantes y que el grado de satisfacción y de compromiso se relacionaba potencialmente con los efectos positivos del tratamiento. Los resultados indican que los programas de formación parental intensivos a corto plazo impartidos por personal no especialista entrenado podrían utilizarse potencialmente como alternativa a los servicios con un coste prohibitivo dispensados de modo intensivo en años consecutivos en contextos de recursos limitados. Se necesitan estudios de seguimiento para valorar sus ventajas a largo plazo.

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          Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies

          The propensity score is defined as a subject's probability of treatment selection, conditional on observed baseline covariates. Weighting subjects by the inverse probability of treatment received creates a synthetic sample in which treatment assignment is independent of measured baseline covariates. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score allows one to obtain unbiased estimates of average treatment effects. However, these estimates are only valid if there are no residual systematic differences in observed baseline characteristics between treated and control subjects in the sample weighted by the estimated inverse probability of treatment. We report on a systematic literature review, in which we found that the use of IPTW has increased rapidly in recent years, but that in the most recent year, a majority of studies did not formally examine whether weighting balanced measured covariates between treatment groups. We then proceed to describe a suite of quantitative and qualitative methods that allow one to assess whether measured baseline covariates are balanced between treatment groups in the weighted sample. The quantitative methods use the weighted standardized difference to compare means, prevalences, higher‐order moments, and interactions. The qualitative methods employ graphical methods to compare the distribution of continuous baseline covariates between treated and control subjects in the weighted sample. Finally, we illustrate the application of these methods in an empirical case study. We propose a formal set of balance diagnostics that contribute towards an evolving concept of ‘best practice’ when using IPTW to estimate causal treatment effects using observational data. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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            Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

            Problem/Condition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Period Covered 2016. Description of System The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians live in 11 ADDM Network sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). Surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by medical and educational service providers in the community. In the second phase, experienced clinicians who systematically review all abstracted information determine ASD case status. The case definition is based on ASD criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Results For 2016, across all 11 sites, ASD prevalence was 18.5 per 1,000 (one in 54) children aged 8 years, and ASD was 4.3 times as prevalent among boys as among girls. ASD prevalence varied by site, ranging from 13.1 (Colorado) to 31.4 (New Jersey). Prevalence estimates were approximately identical for non-Hispanic white (white), non-Hispanic black (black), and Asian/Pacific Islander children (18.5, 18.3, and 17.9, respectively) but lower for Hispanic children (15.4). Among children with ASD for whom data on intellectual or cognitive functioning were available, 33% were classified as having intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] ≤70); this percentage was higher among girls than boys (40% versus 32%) and among black and Hispanic than white children (47%, 36%, and 27%, respectively). Black children with ASD were less likely to have a first evaluation by age 36 months than were white children with ASD (40% versus 45%). The overall median age at earliest known ASD diagnosis (51 months) was similar by sex and racial and ethnic groups; however, black children with IQ ≤70 had a later median age at ASD diagnosis than white children with IQ ≤70 (48 months versus 42 months). Interpretation The prevalence of ASD varied considerably across sites and was higher than previous estimates since 2014. Although no overall difference in ASD prevalence between black and white children aged 8 years was observed, the disparities for black children persisted in early evaluation and diagnosis of ASD. Hispanic children also continue to be identified as having ASD less frequently than white or black children. Public Health Action These findings highlight the variability in the evaluation and detection of ASD across communities and between sociodemographic groups. Continued efforts are needed for early and equitable identification of ASD and timely enrollment in services.
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              SOME PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Interv Psicosoc
                Interv Psicosoc
                inter
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                13 May 2022
                May 2022
                : 31
                : 2
                : 121-131
                Affiliations
                [a ] orgnameBeijing Normal University orgdiv1School of Social Development and Public Policy Republic of China originalSchool of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, People’s Republic of China;
                [b ] orgnameUniversity of Oxford orgdiv1Department of Social Policy and Intervention United Kingdom originalDepartment of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Correspondence: fangzuyi@ 123456bnu.edu.cn (Z. Fang).

                Conflict of Interest: The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00005
                10.5093/pi2022a9
                10268554
                0df192a1-c80a-4040-95a4-08b663ea837e
                Copyright © 2022, Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivative License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way.

                History
                : 21 December 2021
                : 18 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Glasgow Social
                Funded by: Public Health Sciences Unit Complexity
                Award ID: MC_UU_00022/1 and CSO SPHSU16
                Award ID: MC_UU_00022/3 and CSO SPHSU18
                Funding: ZF’s involvement was partly funded by the Swire Charitable Trust. JML’s involvement was supported by the University of Glasgow Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Complexity and Relationships in Health Improvement Programs of the Medical Research Council MRC UK and Chief Scientist Office (Grant: MC_UU_00022/1 and CSO SPHSU16, MC_UU_00022/3 and CSO SPHSU18). The funders played no role in the design, conduct, or interpretation of the analyses.
                Categories
                Research-Article

                autism,parent training,real-world evaluation,propensity score,difference-in-differences,autismo,formación parental,evaluación del mundo real,puntuación de propensión,diferencia en diferencias

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