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      HOTAIR: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers

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          Abstract

          Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as regulation of gene expression. Different lncRNAs exist throughout the genome. LncRNAs are also known for their roles in different human diseases such as cancer. HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer cells, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers. This RNA takes part in epigenetic regulation of genes and plays an important role in different cellular pathways by interacting with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). In this review, we describe the molecular function and regulation of HOTAIR and its role in different types of cancers.

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          Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world.

          S. Eddy (2001)
          Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes produce functional RNA molecules rather than encoding proteins. However, almost all means of gene identification assume that genes encode proteins, so even in the era of complete genome sequences, ncRNA genes have been effectively invisible. Recently, several different systematic screens have identified a surprisingly large number of new ncRNA genes. Non-coding RNAs seem to be particularly abundant in roles that require highly specific nucleic acid recognition without complex catalysis, such as in directing post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression or in guiding RNA modifications.
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            Long noncoding RNAs in cell-fate programming and reprogramming.

            Ryan Flynn, Howard Y. Chang (2014)
            In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as an important class of regulators of gene expression. lncRNAs exhibit several distinctive features that confer unique regulatory functions, including exquisite cell- and tissue-specific expression and the capacity to transduce higher-order spatial information. Here we review evidence showing that lncRNAs exert critical functions in adult tissue stem cells, including skin, brain, and muscle, as well as in developmental patterning and pluripotency. We highlight new approaches for ascribing lncRNA functions and discuss mammalian dosage compensation as a classic example of an lncRNA network coupled to stem cell differentiation.
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              Long noncoding RNA: an emerging paradigm of cancer research.

              Man-Tang Qiu, Jing-Wen Hu, Rong Yin … (2013)
              Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of non-protein coding part of human genome in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Among numerous kinds of non-protein coding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key regulatory role in cancer biology. LncRNAs are dysregulated in different kinds of cancer and the expression levels of certain lncRNAs are associated with recurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer. It is also proved that overexpression of certain lncRNAs, behaving like oncogenes, can promote matrix invasion of cancer cells and tumor growth. In this review, we focus our attention on lncRNAs those have been validated in human cancer tissues to suggest reasonable strategies for future research. We introduce an update view of lncRNA, extract cancer-related lncRNAs from literature, and describe the known functions and possible underlying molecular mechanisms of some well investigated lncRNAs (MALAT1, HOX antisense intergenic RNA, and highly upregulated in hepatocellular cancer), as well as their current and potential future application in cancer diagnosis (PCA3) and treatment (H19).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Biol Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Biol Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CBM
                Title: Cancer Biology & Medicine
                Publisher: Chinese Anti-Cancer Association
                ISSN (Print): 2095-3941
                Publication date (Print and electronic): March 2015
                Publication date (Print): March 2015
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-9
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61336-3337, Iran
                Author notes

                Correspondence to: Mohammadreza Hajjari

                E-mail: Mohamad.hajari@ 123456gmail.com , M-hajari@ 123456scu.ac.ir

                Article
                Publisher ID: cbm-12-01-001
                DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0006
                PMC ID: 4383848
                PubMed ID: 25859406
                SO-VID: 0e074551-3352-402a-a8c6-e470ee5eaf08
                Copyright © 2015 Cancer Biology & Medicine
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

                History
                Date received : 17 January 2015
                Date accepted : 12 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: hotair,long non-coding rna (lncrna),epigenetic,cancer
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hotair, long non-coding rna (lncrna), epigenetic, cancer

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