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      Recycling of inorganic waste in monolithic and cellular glass‐based materials for structural and functional applications

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          Abstract

          The stabilization of inorganic waste of various nature and origin, in glasses, has been a key strategy for environmental protection for the last decades. When properly formulated, glasses may retain many inorganic contaminants permanently, but it must be acknowledged that some criticism remains, mainly concerning costs and energy use. As a consequence, the sustainability of vitrification largely relies on the conversion of waste glasses into new, usable and marketable glass‐based materials, in the form of monolithic and cellular glass‐ceramics. The effective conversion in turn depends on the simultaneous control of both starting materials and manufacturing processes. While silica‐rich waste favours the obtainment of glass, iron‐rich wastes affect the functionalities, influencing the porosity in cellular glass‐based materials as well as catalytic, magnetic, optical and electrical properties. Engineered formulations may lead to important reductions of processing times and temperatures, in the transformation of waste‐derived glasses into glass‐ceramics, or even bring interesting shortcuts. Direct sintering of wastes, combined with recycled glasses, as an example, has been proven as a valid low‐cost alternative for glass‐ceramic manufacturing, for wastes with limited hazardousness. The present paper is aimed at providing an up‐to‐date overview of the correlation between formulations, manufacturing technologies and properties of most recent waste‐derived, glass‐based materials. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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          Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: A critical review

          This review describes the current status of waste treatment using thermal plasma technology. A comprehensive analysis of the available scientific and technical literature on waste plasma treatment is presented, including the treatment of a variety of hazardous wastes, such as residues from municipal solid waste incineration, slag and dust from steel production, asbestos-containing wastes, health care wastes and organic liquid wastes. The principles of thermal plasma generation and the technologies available are outlined, together with potential applications for plasma vitrified products. There have been continued advances in the application of plasma technology for waste treatment, and this is now a viable alternative to other potential treatment/disposal options. Regulatory, economic and socio-political drivers are promoting adoption of advanced thermal conversion techniques such as thermal plasma technology and these are expected to become increasingly commercially viable in the future.
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            Microwave thermal inertisation of asbestos containing waste and its recycling in traditional ceramics.

            Asbestos was widely used as a building material prior to the 1970's. It is well known that asbestos is a health hazard and its progressive elimination is a priority for pollution prevention. Asbestos can be transformed to non-hazardous silicate phases by microwave thermal treatment. The aim of this investigation is to describe the microwave inertization process of asbestos containing waste (ACW) and its recycling in porcelain stoneware tiles, porous single-fired wall tiles and ceramic bricks following industrial manufacture procedure. Inertised asbestos powder was added in the percentages of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% to commercially available compositions and then fired following industrial thermal cycles. Water absorption and linear shrinkage of the obtained industrial products do not present significant variations with additions up to 5 wt.% of microwave inertised ACW.
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              Comparison of the properties of glass, glass–ceramic and ceramic materials produced from coal fly ash

              Glass, glass-ceramic and ceramic materials were produced from thermal power plant fly ash without any additives. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the amorphous phase of the glass sample. Augite phase was detected in the glass-ceramic sample, while the enstatite and mullite phases occurred in the ceramic samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations showed that tiny crystallites homogeneously dispersed in the microstructure of the glass-ceramic sample and elongated crystals formed in the ceramic samples. Density values of the obtained samples are comparable to those of the commercially produced glass, glass-ceramic and ceramic samples. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that the produced samples could be taken as non-hazardous materials. Produced samples showed high resistance to alkali solutions in contrast to acidic solutions. Microstructural, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the produced glass-ceramic samples are better than those of the produced glass and ceramic samples.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Chem Technol Biotechnol
                J Chem Technol Biotechnol
                10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4660
                JCTB
                Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                0268-2575
                1097-4660
                13 April 2016
                July 2016
                : 91
                : 7 ( doiID: 10.1002/jctb.2016.91.issue-7 )
                : 1946-1961
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padova Italy
                [ 2 ] Department of CeramicUniversity of Cukurova Turkey
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence to: E Bernardo, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy. Email enrico.bernardo@ 123456unipd.it
                Article
                JCTB4982
                10.1002/jctb.4982
                5074282
                27818564
                0e09ac35-b3fa-49b6-8c2a-51e24e0a82d5
                © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 October 2015
                : 08 March 2016
                : 09 March 2016
                Page count
                Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: European Community's Seventh Framework Programme
                Funded by: European Community's Horizon 2020 Programme
                Funded by: Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Tübitak)
                Funded by: KACST (King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, KACST, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jctb4982
                July 2016
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.10.2016

                waste treatment and waste minimisation,green engineering/products,environmental remediation,process intensification

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