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      Investigación-Acción Participativa sobre percepciones, preocupaciones y necesidades de los profesionales de salud en una central de emergencias de Argentina Translated title: Participatory Action Research on perceptions, concerns and needs of healthcare professionals in an emergency department in Argentina

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones, preocupaciones y necesidades del personal de salud en una Central de Emergencias de Adultos (CEA) de Argentina. Métodos: Investigación o acción participativa, coordinada y ejecutada por el propio personal de la CEA, que incluyó médicos/as, personal de enfermería y administrativo/as para participar activamente en la recolección de información y en el análisis. Se utilizaron metodologías mixtas: análisis documental de quejas y reclamaciones escritas por parte de los pacientes, 10 entrevistas individuales y 2 grupos focales reflexivos con 10 integrantes del personal de salud (de diferente cargo y antigüedad, y residentes en formación). Resultados: Los tópicos emergentes fueron factores laborales que inducen al error y atentan contra el encuentro clínico centrado en la persona: la sobrecarga y la falta de tiempo, la sobreutilización de recursos por medicina defensiva y la tecnología que reemplaza el contacto físico. El personal de salud manifestó episodios de agresiones de pacientes o sus familiares, cuando las largas esperas y las insuficiencias estructurales (como falta de camas, saturación de sala de espera, incomodidad) atentan contra la paciencia y la tolerancia. A partir de esta reflexión se generaron mejoras en diversas áreas de la CEA. Conclusiones: La identificación de las problemáticas realizadas por los propios actores de la CEA resultó un método pertinente para generar un proceso de cambio de gestión colectiva, promover la reflexión y concientizar, permitir identificar áreas de mejora, diseñar estrategias y propuestas concretas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: To explore perceptions, concerns and needs of healthcare professionals in an emergency department (ED) from Argentina. Methods: Participatory action research, coordinated and carried out by ED healthcare professionals, which included physicians, nurses and administrative staff who actively engaged in both data collection and analysis. Mixed methodologies were used: documentary analysis of complaints and written claims by patients, 10 individual interviews, and two reflective focus groups of 10 healthcare professionals (who differed in occupation, seniority and experience, including residents in training). Results: The topics that emerged were work factors that lead to errors and threaten patient-centered clinical encounters: work overload and lack of time, the overuse of resources for defensive medicine purposes and technology that replaces physical contact. Healthcare professionals reported episodes of aggression by patients or their families, when long waits and structural insufficiencies (such as lack of beds, saturation of the waiting room, discomfort) threaten patience and tolerance. From these insights, improvements were generated in various areas of the ED. Conclusions: The identification of problems by the ED stakeholders l was a relevant approach that led to a process of collective management change, promoted reflection and raised awareness, allowing the identification of areas for improvement, design strategies and concrete feasible proposals.

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          El muestreo en investigación cualitativa: principios básicos y algunas controversias

          En este trabajo se presentan los fundamentos de la elección de los participantes en una investigación cualitativa, en contraste con los que rigen al muestreo probabilístico en la investigación epidemiológica. Se proponen los conceptos de generalizabilidad nomotética e ideográfica, y los de transferibilidad y reflexividad, para una mejor comprensión de las diferencias. Se mencionan los fundamentos de los principales tipos de muestreo que suelen utilizarse en investigación cualitativa, el significado del concepto de saturación y algunos de sus cuestionamientos. Por último, se plantean algunas reflexiones en torno a las controversias suscitadas en los últimos años sobre las diversas perspectivas paradigmáticas desde las cuales se puede efectuar hoy día la investigación cualitativa, sus posibilidades de combinación con la investigación epidemiológica, y algunas implicaciones para el estudio de los problemas de salud.
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            Why Do People Choose Emergency and Urgent Care Services? A Rapid Review Utilizing a Systematic Literature Search and Narrative Synthesis

            Abstract Objectives Rising demand for emergency and urgent care services is well documented, as are the consequences, for example, emergency department (ED) crowding, increased costs, pressure on services, and waiting times. Multiple factors have been suggested to explain why demand is increasing, including an aging population, rising number of people with multiple chronic conditions, and behavioral changes relating to how people choose to access health services. The aim of this systematic mapping review was to bring together published research from urgent and emergency care settings to identify drivers that underpin patient decisions to access urgent and emergency care. Methods Systematic searches were conducted across Medline (via Ovid SP), EMBASE (via Ovid), The Cochrane Library (via Wiley Online Library), Web of Science (via the Web of Knowledge), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; via EBSCOhost). Peer‐reviewed studies written in English that reported reasons for accessing or choosing emergency or urgent care services and were published between 1995 and 2016 were included. Data were extracted and reasons for choosing emergency and urgent care were identified and mapped. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and findings were reported qualitatively using framework‐based narrative synthesis. Results Thirty‐eight studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were set in the United Kingdom (39.4%) or the United States (34.2%) and reported results relating to ED (68.4%). Thirty‐nine percent of studies utilized qualitative or mixed research designs. Our thematic analysis identified six broad themes that summarized reasons why patients chose to access ED or urgent care. These were access to and confidence in primary care; perceived urgency, anxiety, and the value of reassurance from emergency‐based services; views of family, friends, or healthcare professionals; convenience (location, not having to make appointment, and opening hours); individual patient factors (e.g., cost); and perceived need for emergency medical services or hospital care, treatment, or investigations. Conclusions We identified six distinct reasons explaining why patients choose to access emergency and urgent care services: limited access to or confidence in primary care; patient perceived urgency; convenience; views of family, friends, or other health professionals; and a belief that their condition required the resources and facilities offered by a particular healthcare provider. There is a need to examine demand from a whole system perspective to gain better understanding of demand for different parts of the emergency and urgent care system and the characteristics of patients within each sector.
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              Emergency department crowding and risk of preventable medical errors.

              The objective of the study is to determine the association between emergency department (ED) crowding and preventable medical errors (PME). This was a retrospective cohort study of 533 ED patients enrolled in the National ED Safety Study (NEDSS) in four Massachusetts EDs. Individual patients' average exposure to ED crowding during their ED visit was compared with the occurrence of a PME (yes/no) for the three diagnostic categories in NEDSS: acute myocardial infarction, asthma exacerbation, and dislocation requiring procedural sedation. To accommodate site-to-site differences in available administrative data, ED crowding was measured using one of three previously validated crowding metrics (ED Work Index, ED Workscore, and ED Occupancy). At each site, the continuous measure was placed into site-specific quartiles, and these quartiles then were combined across sites. We found that 46 (8.6%; 95% confidence interval, 6.4-11.3%) of the 533 patients experienced a PME. For those seen during higher levels of ED crowding (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1), the occurrence of PMEs was more than twofold higher, both on unadjusted analysis and adjusting for two potential confounders (diagnosis, site). The association appeared non-linear, with most PMEs occurring at the highest crowding level. We identified a direct association between high levels of ED crowding and risk of preventable medical errors. Further study is needed to determine the generalizability of these results. Should such research confirm our findings, we would suggest that mitigating ED crowding may reduce the occurrence of preventable medical errors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aprl
                Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales
                Arch Prev Riesgos Labor
                Societat Catalana de Salut Laboral y Asociación de Medicina del Trabajo de la Comunidad Valenciana (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1578-2549
                September 2022
                : 25
                : 3
                : 242-258
                Affiliations
                [4] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                [1] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Central de Emergencias de Adultos Argentina
                [5] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameInstituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano Argentina
                [3] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria Argentina
                [2] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Clínica Médica orgdiv2Área de Investigación en Medicina Interna Argentina
                [6] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Clínica Médica orgdiv2Sección de Epidemiología y Departamento de Calidad Argentina
                Article
                S1578-25492022000300242 S1578-2549(22)02500300242
                10.12961/aprl.2022.25.03.02
                36265111
                0e4c5390-9603-4188-a25d-c84eb708822a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 June 2022
                : 10 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Agotamiento Profesional,Servicios Médicos de Urgencia,workplace violence,occupational health services,qualitative research,attitudes of healthcare personnel,emergency medical service communication systems,Violencia Laboral,Investigación Cualitativa,Actitud del Personal de Salud

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