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      Exosomes: roles and therapeutic potential in osteoarthritis

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          Abstract

          Exosomes participate in many physiological and pathological processes by regulating cell–cell communication, which are involved in numerous diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Exosomes are detectable in the human articular cavity and were observed to change with OA progression. Several joint cells, including chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and tenocytes, can produce and secrete exosomes that influence the biological effects of targeted cells. In addition, exosomes from stem cells can protect the OA joint from damage by promoting cartilage repair, inhibiting synovitis, and mediating subchondral bone remodeling. This review summarizes the roles and therapeutic potential of exosomes in OA and discusses the perspectives and challenges related to exosome-based treatment for OA patients in the future.

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          The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

          Piotr Wojdasiewicz, Łukasz Poniatowski, Dariusz Szukiewicz (2014)
          Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of human joints. The basis of pathologic changes involves all the tissues forming the joint; already, at an early stage, it has the nature of inflammation with varying degrees of severity. An analysis of the complex relationships indicates that the processes taking place inside the joint are not merely a set that (seemingly) only includes catabolic effects. Apart from them, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. These phenomena are driven by various mediators, of which the key role is attributed to the interactions within the cytokine network. The most important group controlling the disease seems to be inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β , TNF α , IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18. The second group with antagonistic effect is formed by cytokines known as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA with respect to inter- and intracellular signaling pathways is still under investigation. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge. The cytokine network in OA is put in the context of cells involved in this degenerative joint disease. The possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies in OA are also pointed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 564 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer.

            Guilherme Rabinowits, Cicek Gercel-Taylor, Jamie Day … (2009)
            To date, there is no screening test for lung cancer shown to affect overall mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA genes found to be abnormally expressed in several types of cancer, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of human cancer. We evaluated the circulating levels of tumor exosomes, exosomal small RNA, and specific exosomal miRNAs in patients with and without lung adenocarcinoma, correlating the levels with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) disease stage to validate it as an acceptable marker for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. To date, 27 patients with lung adenocarcinoma AJCC stages I-IV and 9 controls, all aged 21-80 years, were enrolled in the study. Small RNA was detected in the circulating exosomes. The mean exosome concentration was 2.85 mg/mL (95% CI, 1.94-3.76) for the lung adenocarcinoma group versus 0.77 mg/mL (95% CI, 0.68-0.86) for the control group (P < .001). The mean miRNA concentration was 158.6 ng/mL (95% CI, 145.7-171.5) for the lung adenocarcinoma group versus 68.1 ng/mL (95% CI, 57.2-78.9) for the control group (P < .001). Comparisons between peripheral circulation miRNA-derived exosomes and miRNA-derived tumors indicated that the miRNA signatures were not significantly different. The significant difference in total exosome and miRNA levels between lung cancer patients and controls, and the similarity between the circulating exosomal miRNA and the tumor-derived miRNA patterns, suggest that circulating exosomal miRNA might be useful as a screening test for lung adenocarcinoma. No correlation between the exosomal miRNA levels and the stage of disease can be made at this point.
            Article 0 comments Cited 470 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The ESCRT machinery in endosomal sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins.

              Camilla Raiborg, Harald Stenmark (2009)
              Selective trafficking of membrane proteins to lysosomes for destruction is required for proper cell signalling and metabolism. Ubiquitylation aids this process by specifying which proteins should be transported to the lysosome lumen by the multivesicular endosome pathway. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery sorts cargo labelled with ubiquitin into invaginations of endosome membranes. Then, through a highly conserved mechanism also used in cytokinesis and viral budding, it mediates the breaking off of the cargo-containing intraluminal vesicles from the perimeter membrane. The involvement of the ESCRT machinery in suppressing diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration and infections underscores its importance to the cell.
              Article 0 comments Cited 457 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiaolan Du: dxl_xiaolan@163.com
                Lin Chen: linchen70@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bone Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bone Res
                Title: Bone Research
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Print): 2095-4700
                ISSN (Electronic): 2095-6231
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 June 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 June 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 25
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.414048.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1799 2720, Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Laboratory for Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, , Army Medical University, ; Chongqing, China
                [2 ]GRID grid.414048.d, ISNI 0000 0004 1799 2720, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury; Medical Cformation of H-type vessel in subchondral enter of Trauma and War Injury; Daping Hospital, , Army Medical University of PLA, ; Chongqing, China
                [3 ]Eleven Squadron Three Brigade, School of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 100
                DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0100-9
                PMC ID: 7305215
                PubMed ID: 32596023
                SO-VID: 0eb2378e-69c9-42ec-859e-6e10cd1d7b7c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 17 February 2020
                Date revision received : 30 April 2020
                Date accepted : 9 May 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2020

                Keywords: bone,pathogenesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bone, pathogenesis

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