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      Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor expression induction on neonatal CD8(+) T cells in vitro and following congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.

      Immunology
      Antibodies, Monoclonal, immunology, pharmacology, Antigens, CD, metabolism, Antigens, CD3, Azacitidine, analogs & derivatives, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, drug effects, Chagas Disease, congenital, DNA Modification Methylases, antagonists & inhibitors, Enzyme Inhibitors, Female, Fetal Blood, cytology, Humans, Immunophenotyping, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Interleukin-2, NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C, Pregnancy, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta, Receptors, KIR, Receptors, KIR2DL1, Receptors, KIR2DL2, Receptors, KIR2DL3, Receptors, KIR3DL1, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Trypanosoma cruzi

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          Abstract

          Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-specific inhibitory natural killer receptors (iNKRs) are expressed by subsets of T cells but the mechanisms inducing their expression are poorly understood, particularly for killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). The iNKRs are virtually absent from the surface of cord blood T cells but we found that KIR expression could be induced upon interleukin-2 stimulation in vitro. In addition, KIR expression was enhanced after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, suggesting a role for DNA methylation. In vivo induction of KIR expression on cord blood T cells was also observed during a human congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi which triggers activation of fetal CD8(+) T cells. These KIR(+) T cells had an effector and effector/memory phenotype suggesting that KIR expression was consecutive to the antigenic stimulation; however, KIR was not preferentially found on parasite-specific CD8(+) T cells secreting interferon-gamma upon in vitro restimulation with live T. cruzi. These findings show that KIR expression is likely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that occur during the maturation process of cord blood T cells. Our data provide a molecular basis for the appearance of KIRs on T cells with age and they have implications for T-cell homeostasis and the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses.

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