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      Salud mental y COVID-19 en infancia y adolescencia: visión desde la psicopatología y la Salud Pública Translated title: Mental Health and COVID-19 in children and adolescents: psychopathologycal and Public Health approach

      research-article
      1
      Revista Española de Salud Pública
      Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social
      COVID-19, Infancia, Adolescencia, Salud Mental, Intervención precoz, COVID-19, Children, Adolescents, Mental Health, Early interventions

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          RESUMEN

          La pandemia producida por COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto de relevancia en la sociedad y también ha afectado a la infancia y adolescencia que, en general, ha sido el colectivo más silenciado. En este artículo se abordan los contenidos que afectan a la salud mental de la infancia y la adolescencia en el seno de la pandemia por la COVID-19, para ello se sitúa en la “cuarta oleada asistencial” en la categoría F54 de la CIE-10 (“factores psicológicos y del comportamiento en trastornos o enfermedades clasificados en otro lugar”) (figura 1). El mecanismo de presentación puede ser: reactivo-adaptativo ante la pandemia; factor desencadenante, ante una inestabilidad afectivo-emocional previa; descompensación de un proceso preexistente. Las formas de presentación han tenido su fase de inicio, fundamentalmente, en el confinamiento: con formas somatizadas, comportamentales, síntomas emocionales, reactivación de malos tratos a la infancia y reacciones de duelo disfuncionales. Los síntomas más prevalentes son de tipo ansioso o ansioso-depresivo. La respuesta al estrés de forma crónica, incluyendo el de bajo perfil e intensidad pero mantenido en el tiempo, posee repercusiones de relieve para el conjunto de la infancia y la adolescencia. Sólo un escaso porcentaje presenta trastornos mentales de relieve, pero hemos de reconocer que al proyectarse sobre el conjunto poblacional infanto-juvenil podrían ser un número importante que pudiera ser subsidiario de una ayuda más específica. El retorno a la escolaridad va a representar otro momento importante, siendo de capital importancia las repercusiones del confinamiento, sobre todo en cuanto a conductas de tipo adictivo con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. La intervención por profesionales formados en salud mental de la infancia y la adolescencia es una prioridad para evitar evoluciones clínicas no deseadas o iatrogenia.

          ABSTRACT

          The pandemic produced by COVID-19 has a significant impact on society and has also affected childhood and adolescence, which, in general, has been the most silenced group. This article addresses the contents that affect the mental health of children and adolescents in the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is located in the “fourth wave of care” in category F54 of the ICD-10 (“Behavioral and psychological factors in disorders or diseases classified elsewhere”) (figure 1). The presentation mechanism is: reactive-adaptive to the pandemic; triggering factor, before a previous affective-emotional instability; decompensation of a pre-existing process. The clinical features have had their initial phase, fundamentally, in confinement: somatoform disorders, behavioral disorders, emotional symptoms, reactivation of child abuse and dysfunctional grief reactions. The most prevalent symptoms are of the anxious or anxious-depressive type. The response to chronic stress, including that of low profile and intensity but maintained over time, has significant repercussions for childhood and adolescence. Few percentage that present prominent mental disorders, but we must recognize that when projected to the whole the child-adolescent population, there could be a significant number that could be subsidiary of a more specific help. The return to schooling is going to represent another important moment, the repercussions of confinement being of capital importance, especially in terms of addictive behaviors with information and communication technologies. Intervention by professionals trained in childhood and adolescent mental health is a priority to avoid unwanted clinical evolutions or iatrogenesis.

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

            Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.
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              Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19

              Objective Disease containment of COVID-19 has necessitated widespread social isolation. We aimed to establish what is known about how loneliness and disease containment measures impact on the mental health in children and adolescents. Method For this rapid review, we searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, and Web of Science for articles published between 01/01/1946 and 03/29/2020. 20% of articles were double screened using pre-defined criteria and 20% of data was double extracted for quality assurance. Results 83 articles (80 studies) met inclusion criteria. Of these, 63 studies reported on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of previously healthy children and adolescents (n=51,576; mean age 15.3) 61 studies were observational; 18 were longitudinal and 43 cross sectional studies assessing self-reported loneliness in healthy children and adolescents. One of these studies was a retrospective investigation after a pandemic. Two studies evaluated interventions. Studies had a high risk of bias although longitudinal studies were of better methodological quality. Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety at the time loneliness was measured and between 0.25 to 9 years later. Duration of loneliness was more strongly correlated with mental health symptoms than intensity of loneliness. Conclusion Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high rates of depression and probably anxiety during and after enforced isolation ends. This may increase as enforced isolation continues. Clinical services should offer preventative support and early intervention where possible and be prepared for an increase in mental health problems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Psiquiatra y Psicoterapeuta de Infancia y Adolescencia. Profesor de Psicopatología, Grado Criminología (UNED). Profesor de Salud Pública, Grado Trabajo Social (UNED)
                Journal
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                16 October 2020
                Jan-Dec 2020
                : 94
                : e202010141
                Affiliations
                [1 ] original Psiquiatra y Psicoterapeuta de Infancia y Adolescencia. Profesor de Psicopatología, Grado Criminología (UNED). Profesor de Salud Pública, Grado Trabajo Social (UNED). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-013X orgnameUNED Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondencia: José Luis Pedreira Massa Avda. de las Suertes, nº 87, 5ºB 28051 Madrid, España jolupedrema@ 123456gmail.com

                El autor declara que no existe ningún conflicto de interés.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-013X
                Article
                e202010141
                11582998
                33063746
                0ece26de-666d-43d5-be6f-a77a5145e9ce

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                History
                : 08 September 2020
                : 09 October 2020
                : 16 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 64
                Categories
                Colaboración Especial

                covid-19,infancia,adolescencia,salud mental,intervención precoz,children,adolescents,mental health,early interventions

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