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      Antiviral Activity of Novel Quinoline Derivatives against Dengue Virus Serotype 2

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          Abstract

          Dengue virus causes dengue fever, a debilitating disease with an increasing incidence in many tropical and subtropical territories. So far, there are no effective antivirals licensed to treat this virus. Here we describe the synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of two compounds based on the quinoline scaffold, which has shown potential for the development of molecules with various biological activities. Two of the tested compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition of dengue virus serotype 2 in the low and sub micromolar range. The compounds 1 and 2 were also able to impair the accumulation of the viral envelope glycoprotein in infected cells, while showing no sign of direct virucidal activity and acting possibly through a mechanism involving the early stages of the infection. The results are congruent with previously reported data showing the potential of quinoline derivatives as a promising scaffold for the development of new antivirals against this important virus.

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          Most cited references28

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          Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome: a prospective epidemiologic study in Rayong, Thailand. I. The 1980 outbreak.

          In January 1980, the municipal area of Rayong, Thailand, and contiguous suburban villages were chosen for a long-term study on dengue epidemiology. From 3,185 children randomly sampled in schools and households, the population prevalence of neutralizing antibody to the four dengue serotypes was estimated. To estimate the incidence of infection with each dengue virus serotype (dengue seroconversions), first grade children were re-bled in January 1981 (cohort study). Children admitted to hospital were studied for dengue virus isolation and antibody responses in paired sera. An epidemic of dengue occurred in 1980. Plaque reduction neutralization tests of 1,009 pre-epidemic sera from children aged less than 1-10 years of age determined that 3.3% were immune to dengue 1, 13.2% to dengue 2, 6.4% to dengue 3, and 5.8% to dengue 4. Examination of pre- and post-epidemic cohort blood samples revealed that the incidence of dengue infection in 251 seronegative children was 39.4% (15.1% dengue 1, 11.1% dengue 2, 2.0% dengue 3, 4.8% dengue 4, and 6.4% two or more dengue viruses). Among the 52,935 residents of the study area, there were 22 cases of virologically and clinically confirmed dengue shock syndrome, in children 15 years or younger. All 22 shock syndrome cases had secondary type antibody responses. Eight of 22 had been included in the random serologic sample prior to onset of shock; five had been immune to dengue 1, two to dengue 3, one to dengue 4, and none to dengue 2. Despite the high rate of dengue 1 infections in 1980, only dengue 2 viruses were recovered from dengue shock syndrome cases, including two dengue 1 immune children with pre-illness serum specimens. Although the pre-epidemic prevalence of antibodies to dengue 1 was the lowest to any type, children with this immunologic background contributed disproportionately to shock cases. In descending order of magnitude, risk factors for dengue shock syndrome in Rayong were secondary infections with dengue 2 which followed primary infections with dengue 1, dengue 3, or dengue 4.
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            Irinotecan, a key chemotherapeutic drug for metastatic colorectal cancer.

            Irinotecan hydrochloride is a camptothecin derivative that exerts antitumor activity against a variety of tumors. SN-38 produced in the body by carboxylesterase is the active metabolite of irinotecan. After irinotecan was introduced for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) at the end of the last century, survival has improved dramatically. Irinotecan is now combined with 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and several molecularly-targeted anticancer drugs, resulting in the extension of overall survival to longer than 30 mo. Severe, occasionally life-threatening toxicity occurs sporadically, even in patients in relatively good condition who have a low risk of chemotherapy-induced toxicity, often causing the failure of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Clinical pharmacological studies have revealed that such severe toxicity is related to exposure to SN-38 and genetic polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene. The large inter- and intra-patient variability in systemic exposure to SN-38 is determined not only by genetic factors but also by physiological and environmental factors. This review first summarizes the roles of irinotecan in chemotherapy for metastatic CRC and then discusses the optimal dosing of irinotecan based on the aforementioned factors affecting systemic exposure to SN-38, with the ultimate goal of achieving personalized irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
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              Amodiaquine, an antimalarial drug, inhibits dengue virus type 2 replication and infectivity

              Highlights • Amodiaquine inhibited dengue virus infectivity with EC50 and EC90 values of 1.08 ± 0.09 and 2.69 ± 0.47 μM, respectively. • Amodiaquine inhibited replication of dengue virus reporter replicon with EC50 value of 7.41 ± 1.09 μM. • Both p-hydroxyanilino and diethylaminomethyl moieties of amodiaquine are important for its antiviral activity. • Repurposing of the antimalarial compound, amodiaquine, is a promising option for treatment of dengue virus infections.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                16 March 2018
                March 2018
                : 23
                : 3
                : 672
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT AIP), PO 0843-01103 City of Panama, Panama; cdelaguardia@ 123456indicasat.org.pa (C.d.l.G.); MQuijada@ 123456indicasat.org.pa (M.Q.)
                [2 ]Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; dstephense@ 123456gmail.com (D.E.S.); danghang.hcmut@ 123456gmail.com (H.T.D.); Oleg.Larionov@ 123456utsa.edu (O.V.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: rlleonart@ 123456indicasat.org.pa ; Tel.: +507-517-0740
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-0873
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8491-5931
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-7163
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5830-6315
                Article
                molecules-23-00672
                10.3390/molecules23030672
                5997395
                29547522
                0f11fd39-202d-4c53-84a8-c98ef7c4a52b
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 February 2018
                : 15 March 2018
                Categories
                Communication

                dengue virus,quinolines,antiviral
                dengue virus, quinolines, antiviral

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