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      Current mapping of obesity Translated title: Mapping de la obesidad actual

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          Abstract

          Obesity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has almost doubled between 1980 and 2008. In some regions, such as Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Americas, more than 50% of women are overweight. Tonga, Nauru and the Cook Islands show the highest prevalence of obesity worldwide, above 60% in men and in women. China and the United States are the countries that experienced the largest absolute increase in the number of overweight and obese people between 1980 and 2008, followed by Brazil and Mexico. The regions with the largest increase in the prevalence of female obesity were Central Latin America, Oceania and Southern Latin America. Updated data provide evidence that the progression of the epidemic has effectively slowed for the past ten years in several countries. In low-income countries obesity is generally more prevalent among the better-off, while disadvantaged groups are increasingly affected as countries grow. Many studies have shown an overall socio-economic gradient in obesity in modern industrialized societies. Rates tend to decrease progressively with increasing socio-economic status. Children obesity rates in Spain are amongst the highest in the OECD. One in 3 children aged 13 to 14 are overweight. Overweight in infants and young children is observed in the upper middle-income countries. However, the fastest growth occurs in the group of lower middle-income countries. There is a growing body of evidence for an inverse association between SES and child obesity in developed countries. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high in all age groups in many countries, but especially worrying in children and adolescents in developed countries and economies in transition.

          Translated abstract

          La obesidad es un importante factor de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer. La prevalencia mundial de obesidad se ha duplicado entre 1980 y 2008. En algunas regiones, como Europa, el Mediterráneo Oriental y América, más del 50% de las mujeres tienen sobrepeso. Tonga, Nauru y las Islas Cook muestran la mayor prevalencia de obesidad en todo el mundo, por encima del 60% tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. China y Estados Unidos son los países que experimentaron el mayor aumento absoluto en el número de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad entre 1980 y 2008, seguido de Brasil y México. Las regiones con el mayor incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad femenina fueron Centro América, Oceanía y el sur de América Latina. Datos actualizados sugieren que la progresión de la epidemia se ha reducido durante los últimos diez años en varios países. En los países de renta baja la obesidad suele ser más frecuente entre los niveles socioeconómicos más favorecidos, mientras que los grupos desfavorecidos están cada vez más afectados en los países en desarrollo. Muchos estudios han demostrado un gradiente socioeconómico global de la obesidad en las sociedades industrializadas modernas. Las tasas tienden a disminuir progresivamente a medida que aumenta el nivel socio-económico. La prevalencia de obesidad en España se encuentra entre las más altas de la OCDE. Uno de cada 3 niños de 13 a 14 años tiene sobrepeso. El sobrepeso en los lactantes y niños de corta edad se observa en los países de ingresos mediosaltos. Sin embargo, el mayor crecimiento se produce en el grupo de países de ingresos medianos bajos. Hay un creciente cuerpo de evidencia de una asociación inversa entre la obesidad SES-infantil en los países desarrollados. La prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad es alta en todos los grupos de edad en muchos países, pero especialmente preocupante en los niños y adolescentes en los países desarrollados y las economías en transición.

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          Evidence that the prevalence of childhood overweight is plateauing: data from nine countries.

          Until quite recently, there has been a widespread belief in the popular media and scientific literature that the prevalence of childhood obesity is rapidly increasing. However, high quality evidence has emerged from several countries suggesting that the rise in the prevalence has slowed appreciably, or even plateaued. This review brings together such data from nine countries (Australia, China, England, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and USA), with data from 467,294 children aged 2-19 years. The mean unweighted rate of change in prevalence of overweight and obesity was +0.00 (0.49)% per year across all age ×sex groups and all countries between 1995 and 2008. For overweight alone, the figure was +0.01 (0.56)%, and for obesity alone -0.01 (0.24)%. Rates of change differed by sex, age, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. While the prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be stabilizing at different levels in different countries, it remains high, and a significant public health issue. Possible reasons for the apparent flattening are hypothesised.
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            Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review

            Background Obesity has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of various diseases, but comparative data on this condition are limited. We therefore aimed to identify and discuss current epidemiological data on the prevalence of obesity in European countries. Methods We identified relevant published studies by means of a MEDLINE search (1990–2008) supplemented by information obtained from regulatory agencies. We only included surveys that used direct measures of weight and height and were representative of each country's overall population. Results In Europe, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) in men ranged from 4.0% to 28.3% and in women from 6.2% to 36.5%. We observed considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe being higher than those in Western and Northern Europe. Conclusion In Europe, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The data presented in our review emphasise the need for effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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              Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study.

              This is the first study to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity (AO) in the adult population of Spain based on measurements of weight, height and waist circumference. The data are taken from the ENRICA study, a cross-sectional study carried out between June 2008 and October 2010 in 12,883 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population on Spain aged 18 years and older. Anthropometry was performed under standardized conditions in the households by trained interviewers. Overweight was considered as body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 kg m(-2) , and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2) . AO was defined as waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women. The prevalence of obesity was 22.9% (24.4% in men and 21.4% in women). About 36% of adults had AO (32% of men and 39% of women). The frequency of obesity and of AO increased with age and affected, respectively, 35 and 62% of persons aged 65 and over. The frequency of obesity and AO decreased with increasing educational level. For example, 29% of women with primary education or less had obesity vs. only 11% of those with university studies. The prevalence of obesity was very high in the Canary Islands and in the south of Spain. © 2011 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2011 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (Madrid )
                0212-1611
                September 2013
                : 28
                : suppl 5
                : 21-31
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Nutrición Comunitaria Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112013001100003
                10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6915
                24010741
                0f27ea2f-d32a-4500-94cc-e066f8d81ba5

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Overweight,Obesity,Prevalence,Trends,Inequalities,Sobrepeso,Obesidad,Prevalencia,Tendencia,Desigualdades

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