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      Validation of a method for assessment of an acute pain in lambs

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      Applied Animal Behaviour Science
      Elsevier BV

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          Principal Component Analysis

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            The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats.

            A method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats is described. The procedure involves subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the forepaw, after which the animal's responses are rated according to objective behavioral criteria. The formalin test is a statistically valid technique which has two advantages over other pain tests: (1) little or no restraint is necessary, permitting unhindered observation of the complete range of behavioral responses; and (2) the pain stimulus is continuous rather than transient, thus bearing greater resemblance to most clinical pain. The analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter are evaluated using this test.
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              Formalin test in mice, a useful technique for evaluating mild analgesics

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Applied Animal Behaviour Science
                Applied Animal Behaviour Science
                Elsevier BV
                01681591
                March 2002
                March 2002
                : 76
                : 3
                : 215-238
                Article
                10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00014-X
                0f31d84d-faeb-41dc-b8ce-a4d69b87f7a3
                © 2002

                http://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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