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      Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link Between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties

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          Abstract

          Due to the combination of high mechanical performances and plant-based origin, flax fibers are interesting reinforcement for environmentally friendly composite materials. An increasing amount of research articles and reviews focuses on the processing and properties of flax-based products, without taking into account the original key role of flax fibers, namely, reinforcement elements of the flax stem ( Linum usitatissimum L.). The ontogeny of the plant, scattering of fiber properties along the plant, or the plant growth conditions are rarely considered. Conversely, exploring the development of flax fibers and parameters influencing the plant mechanical properties (at the whole plant or fiber scale) could be an interesting way to control and/or optimize fiber performances, and to a greater extent, flax fiber-based products. The first part of the present review synthesized the general knowledge about the growth stages of flax plants and the internal organization of the stem biological tissues. Additionally, key findings regarding the development of its fibers, from elongation to thickening, are reviewed to offer a piece of explanation of the uncommon morphological properties of flax fibers. Then, the slenderness of flax is illustrated by comparison of data given in scientific research on herbaceous plants and woody ones. In the second section, a state of the art of the varietal selection of several main industrial crops is given. This section includes the different selection criteria as well as an overview of their impact on plant characteristics. A particular interest is given to the lodging resistance and the understanding of this undesired phenomenon. The third section reviews the influence of the cultural conditions, including seedling rate and its relation with the wind in a plant canopy, as well as the impact of main tropisms (namely, thigmotropism, seismotropism, and gravitropism) on the stem and fiber characteristics. This section illustrates the mechanisms of plant adaptation, and how the environment can modify the plant biomechanical properties. Finally, this review asks botanists, breeders, and farmers’ knowledge toward the selection of potential flax varieties dedicated to composite applications, through optimized fiber performances. All along the paper, both fibers morphology and mechanical properties are discussed, in constant link with their use for composite materials reinforcement.

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          A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance

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              Flax fibre and its composites – A review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                03 April 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 411
                Affiliations
                IRDL, UMR CNRS 6027, Université de Bretagne Sud , Lorient, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Markus Rueggeberg, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland

                Reviewed by: Damien Soulat, ENSAIT, France; Ryszard Michal Kozlowski, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Poland

                *Correspondence: Alain Bourmaud, alain.bourmaud@ 123456univ-ubs.fr

                This article was submitted to Plant Biophysics and Modeling, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2019.00411
                6456768
                0f480b83-a2a9-4309-b6de-71517b91141a
                Copyright © 2019 Goudenhooft, Bourmaud and Baley.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 16 April 2018
                : 19 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 11, Tables: 3, Equations: 3, References: 212, Pages: 23, Words: 0
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Review

                Plant science & Botany
                biomechanics,cell wall,fiber crops,flax fiber,growth conditions,plant development,breeding

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