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      Adaptive and Maladaptive Correlates of Repetitive Behavior and Restricted Interests in Persons with Down Syndrome and Developmentally-Matched Typical Children: A Two-Year Longitudinal Sequential Design

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          Abstract

          We examined the course of repetitive behavior and restricted interests (RBRI) in children with and without Down syndrome (DS) over a two-year time period. Forty-two typically-developing children and 43 persons with DS represented two mental age (MA) levels: “younger” 2–4 years; “older” 5–11 years. For typically developing younger children some aspects of RBRI increased from Time 1 to Time 2. In older children, these aspects remained stable or decreased over the two-year period. For participants with DS, RBRI remained stable or increased over time. Time 1 RBRI predicted Time 2 adaptive behavior (measured by the Vineland Scales) in typically developing children, whereas for participants with DS, Time 1 RBRI predicted poor adaptive outcome (Child Behavior Checklist) at Time 2. The results add to the body of literature examining the adaptive and maladaptive nature of repetitive behavior.

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          Most cited references27

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          Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation.

          Systematic study of abnormal repetitive behaviors in autism has been lacking despite the diagnostic significance of such behavior. The occurrence of specific topographies of repetitive behaviors as well as their severity was assessed in individuals with mental retardation with and without autism. The occurrence of each behavior category, except dyskinesias, was higher in the autism group and autistic subjects exhibited a significantly greater number of topographies of stereotypy and compulsions. Both groups had significant patterns of repetitive behavior co-occurrence. Autistic subjects had significantly greater severity ratings for compulsions, stereotypy, and self-injury. Repetitive behavior severity also predicted severity of autism. Although abnormal repetition is not specific to autism, an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity appears to characterize the disorder.
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            The emergence of developmental psychopathology.

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              Sensory features and repetitive behaviors in children with autism and developmental delays.

              This study combined parent and observational measures to examine the association between aberrant sensory features and restricted, repetitive behaviors in children with autism (N=67) and those with developmental delays (N=42). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to empirically validate three sensory constructs of interest: hyperresponsiveness, hyporesponsiveness, and sensory seeking. Examining the association between the three derived sensory factor scores and scores on the Repetitive Behavior Scales--Revised revealed the co-occurrence of these behaviors in both clinical groups. Specifically, high levels of hyperresponsive behaviors predicted high levels of repetitive behaviors, and the relationship between these variables remained the same controlling for mental age. We primarily found non-significant associations between hyporesponsiveness or sensory seeking and repetitive behaviors, with the exception that sensory seeking was associated with ritualistic/sameness behaviors. These findings suggest that shared neurobiological mechanisms may underlie hyperresponsive sensory symptoms and repetitive behaviors and have implications for diagnostic classification as well as intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2014
                7 April 2014
                : 9
                : 4
                : e93951
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Developmental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Geisinger-Bucknell Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Neuroscience, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                [3 ]Department of Psychology, River Parishes Community College, Sorrento, Louisiana, United States of America
                [4 ]Department of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: DWE FLK. Performed the experiments: DWE FLK. Analyzed the data: DWE MMS KBB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DWE FLK. Wrote the paper: DWE FLK MMS KBB. Statistical consultation: MMS KBB.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-41233
                10.1371/journal.pone.0093951
                3977953
                24710387
                0f4d52bd-0b6c-4dc7-b15b-4af7deb47359
                Copyright @ 2014

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 October 2013
                : 10 March 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                The authors have no support or funding to report.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Clinical Psychology
                Developmental Psychology
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Genetics
                Chromosomal Disorders
                Down Syndrome
                Neurology
                Developmental and Pediatric Neurology
                Pediatrics
                Child Development
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Clinical Research Design
                Longitudinal Studies
                Social Sciences

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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