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      New Electrochemically-Modified Carbon Paste Inclusion β-Cyclodextrin and Carbon Nanotubes Sensors for Quantification of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride

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          Abstract

          The present article introduces a new approach to fabricate carbon paste sensors, including carbon paste, modified carbon paste inclusion β-cyclodextrin, and carbon nanotubes for the quantification of dorzolamide hydrochloride (DRZ). This study is mainly based on the construction of three different carbon paste sensors by the incorporation of DRZ with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) to form dorzolamide-phosphotungstate (DRZ-PT) as an electroactive material in the presence of the solvent mediator ortho-nitrophenyloctyl ether ( o-NPOE). The fabricated conventional carbon paste sensor (sensor I), as well as the other modified carbon paste sensors using β-cyclodextrin (sensor II) and carbon nanotubes (sensor III), have been investigated. The sensors displayed Nernstian responses of 55.4 ± 0.6, 56.4 ± 0.4 and 58.1 ± 0.2 mV·decade −1 over concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10 −5–1.0 × 10 −2, 1.0 × 10 −6–1.0 × 10 −2, and 5.0 × 10 −8–1.0 × 10 −2 mol·L −1 with lower detection limits of 5.0 × 10 −6, 5.0 × 10 −7, and 2.5 × 10 −9 mol·L −1 for sensors I, II, and III, respectively. The critical performance of the developed sensors was checked with respect to the effect of various parameters, including pH, selectivity, response time, linear concentration relationship, lifespan, etc. Method validation was applied according to the international conference on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use ICH guidelines. The developed sensors were employed for the determination of DRZ in its bulk and dosage forms, as well as bio-samples. The observed data were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained from other published methods.

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          Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)

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            Carbon Paste Electrodes in Facts, Numbers, and Notes: A Review on the Occasion of the 50-Years Jubilee of Carbon Paste in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis

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              Carbon nanotube-based sensors.

              Sensors continue to make significant impact in everyday life. There has been a strong demand for producing highly selective, sensitive, responsive, and cost effective sensors. As a result, research emphasis is on developing new sensing materials and technologies. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many distinct properties that may be exploited to develop next generation of sensors. This manuscript reviews the distinct physical, electronic, and mechanical properties of CNTs. The main thrust of this review is to highlight the present and future research and development work in the area of carbon nanotube sensors for real-world applications. The technical challenges associated with CNT-based sensors, which remain to be fully addressed, have also been outlined at the end of the manuscript. This review aims to act as a reference source for researchers to help them in developing new applications of CNT-based sensors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                02 December 2016
                December 2016
                : 17
                : 12
                : 2027
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; nalarfaj@ 123456hotmail.com
                [2 ]General Administration and Medical Affairs, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: star2000star@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +966-1-1805-0555; Fax: +966-1-1476-6294
                Article
                ijms-17-02027
                10.3390/ijms17122027
                5187827
                27918458
                0f7a3694-c9e8-4f56-89a4-7af05e20936c
                © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 September 2016
                : 29 November 2016
                Categories
                Article

                Molecular biology
                dorzolamine hydrochloride,potentiometric determination,carbon paste sensor,modified carbon nanotubes sensor,2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin

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