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      Efficacy of Enamel Matrix Derivative in Vital Pulp Therapy: A Review of Literature

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          Abstract

          Introduction:

          Vital pulp therapy (VPT) aims to preserve the health and maintain life of the tooth pulp which has been compromised by caries, trauma or restorative procedures. Recently, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been introduced as a material for vital pulp therapy. The aim of this review is to critically analyze and summarize the available literature on EMD for VPT.

          Methods and Materials:

          Online databases (PubMED/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, and Wiley-Online) were searched by using the following keywords in various combinations: Enamel Matrix Derivative, Emdogain, ‘Vital Pulp Therapy, ‘Apexogenisis’, Apexification, Pulp Capping, Endodontics, Dentine and Pulpotomy for studies indexed from January 1949 to April 2016. We used an English-limited search in Google.co.uk for the missing grey literature. All studies fulfilling the selection criteria were carefully reviewed for the focused question: “Does using EMD in VPT, compared with other materials, result in better clinical, radiographic and histological outcomes?”.

          Results:

          The primary search resulted in 18 articles of which, 14 articles (including 6 animal studies and 6 clinical trials and 2 case reports) met the inclusion criteria for this review and hence were included. The number of teeth tested in the animal studies ranged from 8 to 144 including pigs, rats and dogs teeth. A number of studies used EMD in the experimental group in comparison with calcium hydroxide, propylene glycol alginate (PGA) and MTA as a control. The observation period ranged from 1 to 2 months and 4 out of 6 animal trials reported more favorable outcomes with EMD while two studies reported comparable outcomes.

          Conclusion:

          Although EMD has potential for various applications in endodontics, studies conducted to date have failed to demonstrate any significant advantage of EMD over conventional VPT materials. Additionally, the 5-year and 10-year survival rate of EMD-treated teeth is not yet known. Hence, studies with a longer follow-up periods are required to deduce the long-term viability of teeth treated with EMD.

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          Most cited references48

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          Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--Part III: Clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action.

          Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been recommended for various uses in endodontics. Two previous publications provided a comprehensive list of articles from November 1993-September 2009 regarding the chemical and physical properties, sealing ability, antibacterial activity, leakage, and biocompatibility of MTA. The purpose of Part III of this literature review is to present a comprehensive list of articles regarding animal studies, clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action of MTA. A review of the literature was performed by using electronic and hand-searching methods for the clinical applications of MTA in experimental animals and humans as well as its drawbacks and mechanism of action from November 1993-September 2009. MTA is a promising material for root-end filling, perforation repair, vital pulp therapy, and apical barrier formation for teeth with necrotic pulps and open apexes. Despite the presence of numerous case reports and case series regarding these applications, there are few designed research studies regarding clinical applications of this material. MTA has some known drawbacks such as a long setting time, high cost, and potential of discoloration. Hydroxyapatite crystals form over MTA when it comes in contact with tissue synthetic fluid. This can act as a nidus for the formation of calcified structures after the use of this material in endodontic treatments. On the basis of available information, it appears that MTA is the material of choice for some clinical applications. More clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy compared with other materials. Copyright (c) 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            Enamel matrix, cementum development and regeneration.

            Studies during the last 20 years have indicated that enamel-related proteins are involved in the formation of cementum. In the present article, this relation is further explored. Attention is called to the fact that coronal acellular extrinsic fiber cementum is formed on the enamel surface in a number of species. The composition of the enamel matrix proteins and the expression of these proteins during root formation are briefly reviewed. The dominating constituent of the enamel matrix, amelogenin, is shown by means of immunohistochemistry to be expressed in human teeth during root formation. Amelogenin was also found to be present in Tomes' granular layer of human teeth. When mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle were exposed to the enamel matrix a non-cellular hard tissue matrix was formed at the enamel surface. Application of porcine enamel matrix in experimental cavities in the roots of incisors of monkeys induced formation of acellular cementum that was well attached to the dentin. In control cavities without enamel matrix, a cellular, poorly attached hard tissue was formed. The present studies provide additional support to the idea that enamel matrix proteins are involved in the formation of acellular cementum and also that they have the potential to induce regeneration of the same type of cementum.
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              Pulp capping of carious exposures: treatment outcome after 5 and 10 years: a retrospective study.

              One hundred twenty-three pulp cappings had been performed by students in 1984 to 1987 (= 10-yr group) or in 1990 to 1992 (= 5-yr group) and were followed up in 1997. Teeth were checked for sensitivity (CO2/electrical pulp testing), percussion, and palpation; radiographs were taken to assess periapical status. In addition several other factors were determined that might have an influence on the success or failure rates, such as base material, type of restoration, site of exposure, etc. Results showed 44.5% failures (18.5% questionable and 37% successful cases) in the 5-yr group and 79.7% failing, 7.3% questionable, and 13% successful cases in the 10-yr group. As a factor of influence, the placement of a definitive restoration within the first 2 days after pulp exposure was found to contribute significantly to the survival rate of these teeth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran Endod J
                Iran Endod J
                IEJ
                Iranian Endodontic Journal
                Iranian Center for Endodontic Research (Tehran, Iran )
                1735-7497
                2008-2746
                Summer 2017
                : 12
                : 3
                : 269-275
                Affiliations
                [a ] Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Saudi Arabia;
                [b ] School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK;
                [c ] College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia;
                [d ] Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia;
                [e ] Division of Oral Health & Society, McGill College, Montreal, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Shariq Najeeb; Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +96-650 1543042 E-mail: shariqnajeeb@gmail.com
                Article
                10.22037/iej.v12i3.12036
                5527198
                28808449
                0f8838c5-1a2c-43ed-967c-af22809f5fff

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 1 February 2017
                : 18 April 2017
                : 2 May 2017
                Categories
                Review Article

                Dentistry
                enamel matrix derivative,pulp capping,pulpotomy,root canal,vital pulp therapy
                Dentistry
                enamel matrix derivative, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal, vital pulp therapy

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